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Dr.R.MalathyProfessor & Head, Civil EngineeringKongu Engg. College, Perundurai.
INDIA
FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF GEO POLYMER
CONCRETE AND MORTAR
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PROCESS OF PREPARATION OF OPC OPC, the most commonly used cement
manufactured by burning of large quantities of fuel, typically coal along with lime stone.
Disadvantage The emission of green house gases such as
Co2
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WHAT IS GEOPOLYMER ?
The term “geopolymer” was coined by Davidovits in 1978. This inorganic alumino-silicate polymer is synthesized from predominantly silicon and aluminium material of geological origin or by-product materials such as fly ash, chemicial composition of geopolymer materials are similar to Zeolite.
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GEOPOLYMER – BETTER ALTERNATE FOR OPC
MAIN CONSTITUENTS
Source Materials: Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag, Rice-husk ash, Red mud, etc.
Alkaline Liquids: Sodium hydroxide with sodium silicate, Potassium hydroxide with potassium silicate.
( It is used to induce the silicon and aluminum atoms in the source materials to dissolve and form a gel )
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Fly Ash Facts : Just One Ton
Just one ton of fly ash use equals:
Conserved Landfill Space Enough for 455 days of solid waste produced by an
average Indian.
Reduced CO2 Emissions
Equal to two months of emissions from an automobile
Saved Energy Enough to provide electricity to an average Indian home
for 24 days.
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FLY ASH CHECKLIST
Workability
Ease of Pumping
Improved Finishing
Reduced Bleeding
Reduced Segregation
Higher Strength
Decreased Permeability
Increased Durability
Reduced Sulfate Attack
Reduced Efflorescence
Reduced Shrinkage
Reduced Heat of Hydration
Reduced Alkali Silica
Reactivity
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REST PERIOD
Definition:
“ It is the time taken between casting of
specimen and the commencement of
curing. ”
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Methods of Heat Curing
Dry Curing
Steam Curing
Dry Curing
Steam Curing
Methods of Heat Curing
Dry Curing
Steam Curing
Methods of Heat Curing
Dry Curing
Methods of Heat Curing
Dry Curing
Steam Curing
Methods of Heat Curing
Dry Curing
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3.60 m²/kg0.730.762.823.846.6223.0454.920.302.88Fly Ash
4.51 m²/kg0.143.380.3663.072.665.6619.330.761.65Cement
Specific surface
Na2OSo3MgoCaOFe2O3Al2O3SiO2IRLOI
LOI: Loss of Ignition ; IR: = Insoluble Residue
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT AND FLY ASH
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SODIUM SILICATE SOLUTION
neutral1.53 g/cc63.5 – 67.525 ± 287.5 ± 8.5% by mass
PHSp. GravityWaterSiO3Na2OComposition
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MIXTURE PROPORTIONS FOR GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
2.018014901:0.44:1.52639973.1283.5M40
2.017014851:0.87:2.064911012425.7M30
2.016014801:1.31:2.813831078503.2M20
Molarity (M)
Mass (kg)
20mm (kg)
Sand (kg)
Na2SiO3
NaOH
SodiumSilicatesolution
(kg)
NaOH solutionMix
proportion
Fly ash (kg)
Aggregates
Mix
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EXPERIMENTATION
Basic Properties of Geopolymer Concrete
Compressive Strength
Split Tensile Strength
Flexural Strength
Static Modulus of Elasticity
Alkalinity of Geopolymer Concrete
EXPERIMENTATION
Basic Properties of Geopolymer Concrete
Compressive Strength
Split Tensile Strength
Flexural Strength
Static Modulus of Elasticity
Alkalinity of Geopolymer Concrete
EXPERIMENTATION
Basic Properties of Geopolymer Concrete
Compressive Strength
Split Tensile Strength
Flexural Strength
Static Modulus of Elasticity
Alkalinity of Geopolymer Concrete
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SLUMP, DENSITY & COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NC AND GPC
5 Days28---------48.1023.10
5 Days7---------42.9623.60
3 Days282% Increase46.9647.8523.00
3 Days720% Increase32.1238.2323.50
190GPC
40
5 Days28---------38.1022.60
5 Days7---------35.8222.50
3 Days2810% Increase35.4738.8023.20
3 Days740% Increase25.4335.6022.70
195GPC
30
5 Days28-----31.8722.80
5 Days7----------29.8622.50
3 Days2816 % Increase27.3030.5822.70
3 Days754.3% Increase18.9429.2323.10
220GPC
20
OPCGPC
Rest period for
GPC
Age at test
(days)
Increase / Decrease
Compressive strength MPaDensity
KN/m3
Slump(mm)Mix
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05
10152025303540
Co
mp
ress
ive
S
tre
ng
th in
MP
a
M 20 M 30 M 40
Grade of Concrete
OPC GPC
Compressive strength of OPC and GPC @ 7 days
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0
10
20
30
40
50C
ompr
essi
ve
Str
engt
h in
MP
a
M 20 M 30 M 40
Grade of Concrete
OPC GPC
Compressive Strength of OPC and GPC @ 28 days
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Com
pres
sive
S
tren
gth
in M
Pa
M 20 M 30 M 40
Grade of Concrete
3 days Rest Period 5 days Rest Period
Compressive Strength of GPC @ 3 days and 5 days Rest Period
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16% Increase4.805.53M40
10% Increase4.104.50M30
14% Increase3.544.02M20
OPCGPC
Increase/DecreaseTensile Strength in N/mm²
Mix
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF NC AND GPC @ 28 DAYS WITH 5 DAYS REST PERIOD
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6T
ensi
le S
tren
gth
in
MP
a
M 20 M 30 M 40
Grade of Concrete
OPC GPC
Tensile Strength of OPC and GPC @ 28 days
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0
1
2
3
4
5F
lexu
ral
Str
engt
h in
MP
a
M 20 M 30 M 40
Grade of Concrete
OPC GPC
Flexural Strength of OPC and GPC @ 28 days
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28.942.430.844.0GPC 40
26.738.428.637.30GPC 30
21.932.023.935.9GPC 20
EGPa
σ N/mm²E GPaσ N/mm²
GPCOPCMix
STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Ec = ∆σ/∆ , where ∆σ and ∆ are the increase in stress and strain respectively.
ckf5000E c N/mm2 (OPC)
ckf4600E c N/mm2 (GPC)
ckf5000E c N/mm2 (OPC)
ckf4600E c N/mm2 (GPC)
N/mm2 (OPC)
ckf4600E c N/mm2 (GPC)
ckf5000E c N/mm2 (OPC)
ckf4600E c N/mm2 (GPC)
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Stress-Strain Curves for OPC Stress-Strain Curves for GPC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
Strain (X 10-3)
Str
ess
(MP
a)
M20 M30 M40
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
Strain (X 10-3)S
tres
s (M
Pa)
M20 M30 M40
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ALKALINITY OF PORE SOLUTION
PH Value of Geopolymer Concrete
= 11.5 – 12.3
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ECONOMIC BENEFITS
10 – 25 % cheaper than that of portland cement concrete
1 tonne fly ash utilized for 2.5 m3 of GPC
1 tonne fly ash earns one carbon-credit
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FLY ASH: THE MODERN POZZOLANIMPROVING CONCRETE PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING OUR ENVIRONMENT
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GPC CUBE SPECIMEN
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Fresh Geopolymer Concrete
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Measurement of Slump
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Geopolymer Concrete Specimens
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Dry (Oven) Curing
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Flexural Testing of GPC mould
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Compression testing equipment used to find Young’s Modulus
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GPC Specimen after testing
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GEO POLYMER MORTAR
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0.5 1 1.5 3
x / y Ratio
Flo
w (
%)
Na2SiO3 / NaOH ratio
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
CM 0.67 1 1.5 3
x / y Ratio of GPM
Flo
w (
% )
Comparison of flow between Cement mortar and Geopolymeric mortar
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
50°C 60°C 70°C 80°C 90°C 100°C
Temperature of curing (°C)
Com
pres
sive
Stre
ngth
@ 7
da
ys (M
Pa)
0.67
1
1.5
3
Variation of Strength and Temperature of curing of GPM with
different Na2SiO3 / NaOH ratio
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GPM Mix for Masonry works
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0
1
2
3
4
5
CM GPM
Brick prism
Com
pres
sive
str
engt
h @
7
days
(M
Pa)
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COST COMPARISON
3068.002020.002686.003353.004322.00Cost of GPM & CM, Rs./ M3
0.00701.00701.00701.00701.00Rs. 11.00/ litNa2Si O3
0.00666.401332.801999.002968.00Rs. 28.0/ litNaOH
Catalytic Liquid
3068.20653.40653.40653.40653.40Total for solids
613.60552.80552.80552.80552.80Rs.0.40/ kgSand
0.00100.60100.60100.60100.60Rs. 0.20/ kgFly ash
2454.600.000.000.000.00Rs. 4.80/ kgCement
Mix 5Mix 4Mix 3Mix 2Mix 1
CMGPM
Cost of Material (Rs)
Rate Material
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CONCLUSION GPC attains higher early strength than Normal
concrete.
Higher concentration of NaOH solution results in higher strength.
3 days curing period produces higher compressive strength.
The Rest period is optimized to 5 days
Density of GPC is similar to that of OPC
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REFERENCES D M J Sumajouw, D Hardjito, S E Wallah and B V Rangan.
“Geopolymer concrete for a Sustainable Future” Dr.R V Ranganath “Geopolymers- An alternative to Cement base
Materials” P Duxon & G C Luckey “Geopolymer techniques the current state of
the art” J Davidovits “Geopolymers Inorganic Polymeric new materials” D Hardjito & B V Rangan “ Development and Properties of Low-
Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete” Davidovits,J., “Properties of Geopolymer Cements” First International
Conference of Alkaline Cements and Concretes.Kie,1994.pp.131-149. Hardjito D Wallah S.E and Rangan B V , “ Research into Engineering
properties of Geopolymer Concrete” International Conference Geopolymer 2002- Turn potential into profit, Melbourne, Australia, Oct-2002.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Concrete Composites and Structures,2005 SERC, Chennai, India. Pp.219-226.
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EFFECT OF SUPERPLASTICIZER ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
SUPERPLASTICIZER A (Naphthalene Formaldehyde Condensate) SUPERPLASTICIZER B (Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde
Condensate) SUPERPLASTICIZER C(Aqueous De Policarboxilato) SUPERPLASTICIZER D (Aqueous Solution of Ligno Sulphonate)
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Properties of super plasticizer A
Operating temperature 10˚ c to 40˚c
Compatibility all types of cement except high alumina cement
Solid content 40%-42%
Additional air content 1% at normal dosage
Chloride content Nil
Specific gravity 1.2-1.5
Composition Naphthalene Formaldehyde Condensate
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Properties of super plasticizer B
Water solubility miscible
Relative density(at 20˚c) 1.10(water)
Vapor pressure(kPa @ 20˚c) 2.13
Solid content 38%-40%
Oxidizing property not determined
Explosive property(%) not applicable
Auto flammability(˚c) not applicable
Flash point (closed ˚c) none
Boiling point/range (˚c) >100
Ph(concentrate) ~10
Composition Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde Condensate
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Properties of super plasticizer C
Water solubility soluble
Relative density(at 20˚c) 1.075(water)
Vapor pressure(kPa @ 20˚c) not determined
Solid content 42%-45%
Oxidizing property not determined
Explosive property(%) not applicable
Auto flammability(˚c) not applicable
Flash point (closed ˚c) none
Boiling point/range (˚c) >100
Ph(concentrate) 6.5
Composition Aqueous De Policarboxilato
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Water solubility soluble
Relative density(at 20˚c) 1.19(water)
Vapor pressure(kPa @ 20˚c) 2.3
Solid content 36%-38%
Oxidizing property not determined
Explosive property(%) not applicable
Auto flammability(˚c) not applicable
Flash point (closed ˚c) none
Boiling point/range (˚c) >100
Ph(concentrate) 4.5-5
Composition Aqueous Solution Of Ligno Sulphonate
Properties of super plasticizer C
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TESTS CONDUCTED
Marsh cone test Mini slump test Flow table test
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MARSH CONE TEST
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Marsh cone efflux time ( seconds)
357.2159.4222.211
357.2159.4202.010
357.2179.4181.89
357.28199.4161.68
367.53229.49141.47
397.59259.97121.26
4283310101.05
468.35451380.84
608.57701460.63
809.47992040.42
100101207720.21
SPD
SP C
SP B
SPA
Dosage quantity in ml
Dosage % by weight of cement
S.NO.
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MARSH CONE TEST RESULTS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
SP Dosage in %
Tim
e o
f F
low
SP A SP B SP C SP D
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FLOW TABLE TEST
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FLOW TABLE RESULTS
12.453.7
11.653.6
11.0012.503.5
11.0011.753.4
10.5311.753.2
NF11.753.0
NF10.552.0
NF9.4312.5001.4
NF13.009.4311.4751.20.4
NF11.579.4310.4001.00.4
NF10.34NFNF0.80.4
12.42512.42512.42512.42500.5
DCBA
Average spread diameter of mortar in cmSP Dosage in %
w/c ratio
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Determination of Efficiency of SP for cement mortar by flow table test
1.41.135 3.5 3.79
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Dosage of SP in %
Dia
of S
pre
ad in
flo
w ta
ble
SP ASP BSP CSP DFlow for 0.5 w/c without SP
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Efficiency to achieve equivalent dia of spread in mm for 1ml of SP
1.775
0.71
2.07
0.672
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
SP A SP B SP C SP D
Type of Super Plasticizer
Eff
icie
ncy
to
ach
ieve
req
uir
ed
spre
ad d
ia p
er m
l o
f S
P
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Comparison of efficiency of different types of SP by Flow Table Test
1.4
3.5
1.135
3.7
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
SP A SP B SP C SP D
Type of Super Plasticizer
Do
sag
e o
f S
P t
o g
et r
equ
ired
flo
w
in %
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Slump Value of Different types of Super Plasticizer
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FLOW RATE IN SLUMP
3.48 (IV)3.4240.6113940D4
10.42 (I)4.173012512C3
4.25 (III)2.885917040B2
4.50 (II)3.962710724A1
Efficiencymm / ml of SP
Flow ratemm/sec
Timesec
Slump mm
Dosage in ml
Type of SP
S.No
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Efficiency to achieve slump in mm for 1ml of SP
4.5 4.25
10.42
3.48
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
SP A SP B SP C SP D
Type of Super Plasticizer
Eff
icie
ncy
(sl
um
p m
m p
er m
lof
SP
)
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Compressive Strength Test Results
0.50020.00-nilD5
3.45041.452.3127.77C4
0.81332.500.5421.77B3
1.45034.80123.33A2
-28.24-19.77No SP1
Efficiency at 28 days
Strength in MPa /ml
of SP
Compressive strength
after 28 days curingin N/mm2
Efficiency at7
daysStrength in
MPa /ml of
SP
Compressive strengthafter 7 days curing
in N/mm2
Type of SPS.No
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COST COMPARISON
60.00 / LitreLigno SulphonateConplast P211SP D
170.00 / LitrePolyCarboxilatoStructuro 100SP C
110.00 / LitreMelamineConplast M1SP B
90.00 / LitreSulphonated Naphthalene
Conplast SP 430
SP A
Rate (Rs.)BaseProductIdentification
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CONCLUSION
Type C SP i.e., De PoliCarboxilato based SP is very compatible with cement and the efficiency with respect to workability and strength is high when compared to other types.
Type A gives better results and its efficiency is higher than that of type B and type D super plasticizers
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THANK YOU