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Foundations of Sociological Theory
Final exam review / Spring 2014
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3 major perspectives in sociological theory
Perspective Level of analysis Focus
Conflict theory macro / collective Competition for scarce resources; How the elite control the poor and weak
Functionalism macro / collective Relationship between the parts of society; How aspects of society are functional (adaptive)
Symbolic interactionism
micro / individual Use of symbols; Face-to-face interactions
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Where our theorists fit
Perspective Theorist
Conflict theory Gilman, DuBois, Fanon, Veblen
Functionalism Merton
Symbolic interactionism Simmel, Goffman, Gilman, DuBois, Veblen
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Respective theoretical orientations - I
Nonrational
Rational
Individual Collective
ACT ION
Weber
Durkheim
ORDER
Marx
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Respective theoretical orientations - II
Nonrational
Rational
Individual Collective
ACT ION
Weber
Durkheim
ORDER
Simmel
DuBois
Marx
Gilman
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Veblen
Leisure class Conspicuous consumption Conspicuous leisure
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Gilman
Gender inequality Women’s economic dependence Differential socialization (internalized
attitudes) Patriarchal institutions Shared symbolic codes and gender
norms
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Gilman’s multidimensional explanation of gender inequality
Nonrational
Rational
Individual Collective
ACT ION
Sex ‘principles’ (biology)
Shared symbolic codesand gender norms
ORDER
Differential socialization(internalized attitudes)
Patriarchal institutions
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Simmel
Duality (form/content, etc.) Blasé attitude Fashion Sociability
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Simmel’s Duality Regarding Subjective/Objective Culture
Individual Collective
Nonrational Subjective culture: ongoing interactions that individuals engage in as they move through their daily lives seeking to satisfy their needs, and realize their desires
Rational Objective culture: reification; external objects confront individuals as oppressive systems that compel conformity
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DuBois
Color line Double consciousness Capitalist class system White supremacy
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Du Bois’s multidimensional approach to race & class
Nonrational
Rational
Individual Collective
ACT ION
Color line (racialized social institutions)
Color line (symbolic status hierarchy)
ORDER
Color line(internalized attitude)
Prejudice
Discrimination
‘Colortocracy’Double consciousness
Capitalist class system
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Merton
Conformity Innovation Modes of adaptation Ritualism Rebellion Retreatism
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Goffman
Discredited/discreditable Disidentifier Passing Stigma Stigma symbol Virtual social identity
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Fanon
colonialism decolonization