Download - Foundations of digital government
![Page 1: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
foundations of estonian digital government
Andres KüttMay 28, 2015
Chief Architect, Information System Authority
![Page 2: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
introduction
![Page 3: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
today
∙ Introduction∙ Mental models for thinking about the government∙ Five separate models for approaching the subject∙ Not comprehensive, not validated but possibly useful∙ The models are provided in Estonian context∙ Gaps in knowledge will be revealed
2
![Page 4: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
introduction
∙ Today is not about telling you about how things are, it is aboutencouraging thinking
∙ The term “Digital government“ is used instead of “e-government“∙ Often, the first word is omitted∙ This is important: in Estonia, e-government is not something distinctfrom the overall government
∙ “e-“ is slightly overused, “Digital“ is more precise
We are discussing a very abstract and fragile topic, semantics arevery important!
3
![Page 5: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
foundations of digital government
E-government is a complex matter requiring multiple viewpoints
∙ The enablers model∙ The feedback model∙ The historic model∙ The organisational model∙ The mechanical model
4
![Page 6: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
the enablers model
![Page 7: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
the enablers model
e-governance
Trus
t and
col
labo
ratio
n be
twee
n st
akeh
olde
rs
Ubi
quito
us e
lect
roni
c id
entifi
catio
n
“Bre
athi
ng ro
om”
Criti
cal c
ompe
tenc
esE-government as emerging from a set of enabling factors
6
![Page 8: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
trust and collaboration between stakeholders
An externally guaranteed trust framework between citizens,businesses and the government as well as cooperation
∙ Information systems involved are too complex to comprehend,thus the need for explicit trust
∙ There has to be an external (e.g. cryptographic) guarantee to thetrust keeping it from gradual deterioration
∙ Only wealthy countries can afford not to have that trust: IRS lost$5.2 billion to identity theft in 2013. Translated via GDP this wouldmean e6 million annual loss in Estonia.
∙ Ability to find common ground between engineers, politicians andadministrators but also, say, banks and the government
7
![Page 9: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ubiquitous electronic identification
On the internet, nobody knows you are a dog
∙ The assurance level of services provided is dependent on theassurance level of the electronic ID∙ The British way can only go so far∙ For simple cases e-mail is sufficient∙ Digital signature requires a PKI-based solution
∙ Ubiquity stems from people using various e-services on a dailybasis and realising their benefit. It is needed so that∙ electronic service can become dominant∙ the users are acquainted with the risks involved∙ the users actually find it convenient to use it
8
![Page 10: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
”breathing room”
The players must have the ability and capability to change theiroperating model with reasonable effort
∙ By definition: if everything is in place, any change would goagainst the well-established rules∙ Stability means things happening tomorrow the way they happen today∙ Innovation means the exact opposite
∙ Many of the decisions underpinning our e-government would beimpossible to execute in a well-controlled environment∙ Risk management processes alone would be a sufficient deterrent∙ This is mental to a large extent: what do people have to loose?
∙ A certain level of chaos is needed for progress
9
![Page 11: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
critical levels of critical competences
Without the following competences, it is not feasible to build ane-government as they are neigh to impossible to outsource
∙ Ability to procure development∙ Basically, one must be able to act as a responsible customer∙ Vendor management is big part of it∙ Ability to provide input and validate the output
∙ Ability to procure operations∙ Operating the service means controlling the data, this is important!∙ Weak operations lead to low service levels and loss of trust
∙ Information/cyber security∙ Who will work out your electronic identity scheme?∙ Whose cryptography do you trust (and can you make your own)?∙ How do you protect your service?
To sustain the e-government, the ability to absorb IP is needed10
![Page 12: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
the feedback model
![Page 13: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
the feedback model
People Behaviour
Society
(e-)governance
Government as a dynamic non-linear behaviour of society
12
![Page 14: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
about the model
All organisations are shaped by the systems they build and thesystems they build are shaped by the organisations
∙ Skype the organisation was shaped by Skype the software∙ Organisations produce software that mimics their internal∙ communications structure∙ organisational culture∙ organisational structure
∙ How the model works∙ People behaving in certain ways form a society∙ The society yields certain means of governance∙ The governance changes behaviour subduing undesirable andrewarding desirable traits
13
![Page 15: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
feedback in estonia
∙ Estonian people are slightly strange∙ Many of us are of distinct Soviet up-bringing: mend and make do whileminimizing contact with the government
∙ Our behaviours are shaped by the initial steep reforms undertaken, weare used to change
∙ There is a high level of trust towards the state∙ Presumably because of the way we re-gained independence∙ We do not know!
∙ The feedback is very likely there∙ Increasing popularity of electronic voting will force us to change it∙ But we don’t know much about if and how the feedback workselsewhere
14
![Page 16: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
the historic model
![Page 17: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
the historic model
Foundations
Technical Legal Social
Public service
Technology Regulations Organisations
Customer value
E-government as being built on top of foundations rooted in the past
16
![Page 18: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
about the model
All countries come from their past and must build on foundationsthey have
∙ Replacing foundations gets harder as the building gets larger∙ Three kinds of foundations∙ Technical: the technical infrastructure and capabilities of the society∙ Legal: the legal framework of the society∙ Social: social structure, behaviours and culture
∙ Public service∙ Democracy seeks to distribute power and can thus lead tofragmentation of services
∙ Services contain technical, regulatory and organisational components
∙ From the services, inexorably, customer value emerges
17
![Page 19: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
foundations of estonia
∙ The technical foundations are well-understood∙ X-road∙ Electronic identity
∙ Legal foundations not so much∙ “X-road directive“∙ Data set law∙ Where do the personal identification code, Once Only, authorisationprovisions etc. come from?
∙ Social foundations even less∙ There is no coherent research on the history of Estonian cyber culture∙ We obviously rely on Soviet education but how and to what extent?∙ Why do Estonians trust their country so much?
18
![Page 20: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
services and value in estonia
∙ There is an effort by MKM1 to increase service-orientation∙ Some administrative research is there∙ Not much robust academic knowledge
∙ Not clear, what constitutes a public service∙ Theoretical model exist within EC, their applicability is unclear
∙ The value part is not clear at all∙ The numbers quoted are pretty much made up∙ There is anecdotal evidence of massive ROI but very little conclusive∙ EMTA decreasing their workforce, prevention of identity theft, the casefor photo booths at Road Authority
∙ Difficult to scale up but possibly comparable to other countries
1Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communication19
![Page 21: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
the organisational model
![Page 22: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
the organisational model
Business architecture
Organisational architecture
Functional architecture
Technical architecture
Physical architecture
Government as an organisation
21
![Page 23: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
architecture layers of organisations
Organisations can be seen as layers of different but interdependentarchitectures
∙ Business architecture defines the strategy, business model andpartnership structure
∙ Organisational architecture is the organisational structure andprocesses executing on the strategy
∙ Functional architecture consists of interrelated functional“chunks“ supporting the organisation
∙ Technical architecture is what implements the functional pieces assoftware components
∙ Physical architecture is the hardware running the software
22
![Page 24: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
layers of estonia
This is an approximation, of course.
∙ Constitution describes business architecture∙ The setup of ministries, agencies and governing bodies is theorganisational architecture
∙ Functional architecture contains the arrangement of registries∙ Technical architecture is the implementation of these registries asdatabases and systems
∙ These systems are deployed on a physical infrastructure
23
![Page 25: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
the mechanical model
![Page 26: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
the mechanical model
Agency Agency AgencyAgencyFina
nce
and
port
folio
man
agem
ent
Cybe
rsec
urity
Information System Registry
Electronic identity
Citizens/Officials/Enterprises
Delivery channels
Integration
Infrastructure
Government as a (static) combination of technical and processcomponents
25
![Page 27: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
electronic identity
∙ Implemented using PKI, CA service provided externally∙ The certificates live on a chip (smart card or SIM)∙ Digital signature legally equivalent to the physical one∙ Depends on the personal id-code of the citizen∙ Bank-driven federated identification scheme widely adopted bystakeholders
26
![Page 28: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
channels
∙ Central service portal eesti.ee with 800+ services accessible∙ Main challenge: maintaining service ownership∙ No central UI/UX guidelines although a recommended web sitetemplate exists
∙ Hundreds of individual contact points∙ Mobile is very small
27
![Page 29: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
integration
∙ Distributed service bus called x-road∙ All communication happens peer to peer∙ x-road provides standardised∙ channel crypto∙ access control∙ service discovery∙ audit logging∙ identity management∙ protocol support
∙ Massive deployment, 1000+ usable services∙ Constantly developed, version 6 getting ready to roll∙ De facto enables once-only and privacy
28
![Page 30: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
infrastructure
∙ Being expanded rapidly, currently only network∙ Government cloud is a combination of∙ private cloud∙ public cloud∙ data embassies
∙ Security and service availability major drivers: we no longer canrun this country without e-services
∙ Scalability and cost are also becoming an issue
29
![Page 31: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
main open questions
∙ Does this model apply to other countries?∙ Is it possible to quantify e-government architectures using thismodel?
∙ What is the relationship between this model and the feedbackmodel?
30
![Page 32: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
license
![Page 33: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
theme
Get the source of this theme and the demo presentation from
http://github.com/matze/mtheme
The theme itself is licensed under a Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
cba
32
![Page 34: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
contents
The contents of the slides is lidecensed under a Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
cbna
33
![Page 35: Foundations of digital government](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022412/58f9b0ef760da3da068bbbfa/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Questions?
34