Forest and Mineral Forest and Mineral ResourcesResources
World Geography 3200World Geography 3200
Chapter 10Chapter 10
ForestsForests
Locations & Features of Forests (p.162)Locations & Features of Forests (p.162) The type of forest growing The type of forest growing
in any one region of the in any one region of the world reflects the unique world reflects the unique environmental conditions of environmental conditions of that region.that region. For example, coniferous trees For example, coniferous trees
are adapted to our cold, moist are adapted to our cold, moist boreal ecosytem…boreal ecosytem…
Pure Stands: a single species Pure Stands: a single species of tree that dominates an of tree that dominates an area.area. These develop because These develop because
different tree species have different tree species have different needs with elevation, different needs with elevation, slope, drainage, rainfall,…slope, drainage, rainfall,…
Locations and Features of ForestsLocations and Features of Forests
Do questions 1 & 2, page 163Do questions 1 & 2, page 163
Deforestation (p.163)Deforestation (p.163)
= the conversion of forested land to other uses.= the conversion of forested land to other uses. Examples include agriculture, human settlement, Examples include agriculture, human settlement,
mining operations, hydroelectric power mining operations, hydroelectric power developments,…developments,…
Do #6 & 7, page 163Do #6 & 7, page 163
Tree Harvesting (p.165)Tree Harvesting (p.165)
Clearcutting: the Harvesting of Clearcutting: the Harvesting of allall timber in an timber in an area at the same time.area at the same time.
Tree HarvestingTree Harvesting
Strip-Cutting: strips of forest 20-100m wide Strip-Cutting: strips of forest 20-100m wide are clearcut, leaving undisturbed forest strips are clearcut, leaving undisturbed forest strips betweenbetween
Tree HarvestingTree Harvesting
Selective Cutting: selected trees are harvested Selective Cutting: selected trees are harvested from a forest site.from a forest site.
MineralsMinerals
Mineral ResourcesMineral Resources
Minerals are the inorganic chemical elements Minerals are the inorganic chemical elements or compounds found in Earth’s crust.or compounds found in Earth’s crust.
There are over 2000 minerals, categorized There are over 2000 minerals, categorized into 4 main categories:into 4 main categories:
1.1. MetallicMetallic
2.2. Non-MetallicNon-Metallic
3.3. Fossil FuelFossil Fuel
4.4. StructuralStructural
Metallic MineralsMetallic Minerals
Found near earth’s crustFound near earth’s crust Carry electric charges and heatCarry electric charges and heat Are usually lustrous (“shiny”)Are usually lustrous (“shiny”) Examples are gold, aluminum, iron ore,…Examples are gold, aluminum, iron ore,…
Non-Metallic MineralsNon-Metallic Minerals
Found deep in the groundFound deep in the ground Poor conductors of electricity and heatPoor conductors of electricity and heat Lack lustre (not “shiny”)Lack lustre (not “shiny”) Examples are potash, salt, peat,…Examples are potash, salt, peat,…
Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Found deep under the Found deep under the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface
Formed from decomposed Formed from decomposed organic materialsorganic materials
Store huge amounts of Store huge amounts of solar energy, from which solar energy, from which the original carbon was the original carbon was formed through formed through photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Examples are crude oil, Examples are crude oil, coal, natural gas, uranium,coal, natural gas, uranium,……
Structural MineralsStructural Minerals
Found on or near the Found on or near the earth’s surfaceearth’s surface
Composed of mineral Composed of mineral grains cemented grains cemented togethertogether
Useful for building Useful for building materials like gyprocmaterials like gyproc
Examples are gypsum, Examples are gypsum, limestone, clay,…limestone, clay,…
Finding MineralsFinding Minerals
Finding minerals like gold might involve the Finding minerals like gold might involve the following steps:following steps: Prospectors analyse topography to find probable gold Prospectors analyse topography to find probable gold
depositsdeposits Remote detection techniques are used, such as magnetic Remote detection techniques are used, such as magnetic
surveys, seismic measurements and radiation testssurveys, seismic measurements and radiation tests Core samples are drilled from the ground and checked for Core samples are drilled from the ground and checked for
metal anomaliesmetal anomalies If these are found to be positive, a claim is registered with If these are found to be positive, a claim is registered with
the governmentthe government
http://www.newmont.com/en/about/gold/howmined/index.asp
Extracting MineralsExtracting Minerals
Open-Pit MiningOpen-Pit Mining Used for minerals near Used for minerals near
the earth’s surfacethe earth’s surface Surface material is Surface material is
removed and rock is removed and rock is extracted in layersextracted in layers
Once finished, huge Once finished, huge holes and piles of waste holes and piles of waste rock are left rock are left
Extracting MineralsExtracting Minerals
Underground MiningUnderground Mining Used to extract minerals Used to extract minerals
deep beneath the surfacedeep beneath the surface Little waste rock is left Little waste rock is left
over, but this is very over, but this is very expensive and dangerousexpensive and dangerous