![Page 1: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Food and Agriculture
![Page 2: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Land Use
• 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production– Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years
ago
![Page 3: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types of Food Production
1. Traditional subsistence agriculture – mostly human and animal labor
• Produces only enough crops for a family’s survival
• Africa, Asia, South America
![Page 4: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of Food Production
2. Industrialized agriculture (high input agriculture)
• Large amount of fossil fuel energy, water, fertilizers and pesticides to produce large quantities of monocultures
• Example: Plantation agriculture– Used in tropical developing nations
– Cash crops grown for export
» May provide non-food products (latex)
» Provide products that do not make up primary nutrition (tea, coffee)
![Page 5: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Agroecosystems
• Ecosystem created by agricultural practices– characterized by low
• Genetic diversity
• Species diversity
• Habitat diversity
![Page 6: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Agroecosystems
Differ from natural ecosystems in five major ways:1. Farming attempts to stop ecological succession2. Species diversity is low
• Monoculture ↓ soil fertility3. Plant species (crops) in an orderly fashion
– pest control more difficult
4. Simple food chains 5. Plowing
• ↑ erosion • Nutrient loss
![Page 7: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Farm Numbers
![Page 8: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Number of People Fed Annually By One Farmer
![Page 9: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Food Supply
• 15 to 20 species provide vast majority (90%) of man’s food needs– Wheat, rice, corn, potatoes, barley
• Wheat and rice supply ~60% of human caloric intake
– 90% of grain grown in NA is used to feed livestock
![Page 10: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Meat Sources
• 20% of the richest countries consume 80% of the world’s meat
• About 90% of the grain grown in the United States is used for animal feed
• 16 lbs of grain → 1 lb of meat
![Page 11: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
World Food Supply and the Environment
• Enough food, unevenly distributed– 815 million people do not have enough to eat
• Parts of Africa, southeast Asia
– In richest countries, 11 million do not have enough to eat
• Food production depends upon favorable environmental conditions
![Page 12: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Food Distribution
• Food is not distributed equally due to:– Soil and climate differences– Political and economic power– Average per capita income throughout the world
![Page 13: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Malnutrition/Famines
• Malnutrition– Undernutrition– Overnutrition
• Famine– Environmental conditions are immediate trigger, but politics and
economics are often underlying problems.
• Famine conditions– Major droughts -- Political instability– Population sizes -- Land Seizures– Massive immigration -- Distribution
breakdown– Floods -- Chaos in economy– Wars
![Page 14: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Risk of Inadequate Nutrition
![Page 15: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Undernutrition Problems
• Iron deficiency – Most common– Leads to anemia
• Red meat, eggs, legumes, and green vegetables are all good sources of iron.
• Vitamin A deficiencies– Can cause blindness
![Page 16: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Obesity
• Most common dietary problem in wealthy countries– According to U.S. Surgeon General:
• 62% of Americans are overweight.– 33% are obese.
![Page 17: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Land Use and Degradation
• Overgrazing and soil erosion• Eliminates millions of acres a year
• Desertification-degrading once fertile land into desert
• Surface runoff
• Dry surface reflects heat, changing wind patterns
![Page 18: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Global Soil Degradation
![Page 19: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mechanisms of Erosion• Wind and water are erosive forces
– Intensive farming practices:
• Salinization
• Waterlogging– Impairs root growth,
roots cannot get oxygen
• No crop rotation
• Removal of windbreaks
• Continued monocultures
![Page 20: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Alternatives to Industrial Farming Methods
Sustainable Agriculture
• Through soil conservation– Intercropping– Crop rotation– Agroforestry– Contour Plowing
![Page 21: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Soil Conservation Cont.
• Providing Ground Cover– No till agriculture– Plant cover crops
• Improved irrigation and utilization of water – Drip irrigation
![Page 22: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
New vs. Old Agriculture
![Page 23: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Methods to Increase Food Supply
• Food distribution modification – Teach locals
• In the 1960s:– Green Revolution-increased yields per unit of area of
cropland• Mechanization
– Monocultures of selectively bred or genetically engineered high yield variety of key crops (rice, corn, wheat)
» Corn yields jumped from 25 bushels per acre to 130 per acre in last century.
• Using high inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and water on crops to produce high yields
• Increasing the intensity and frequency of cropping
![Page 24: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Genetic Engineering
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)– Crops resistant to drought, frost, diseases, pests,
etc.– Animals that grow faster, gain weight on less
food, produce more milk, etc.– Estimated at least 70% of all processed foods in
NA contain transgenic products.
![Page 25: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Is Genetic Engineering Safe ?
• Environmental and consumer groups have campaigned against transgenic organisms.– “Frankenfoods”– Opponents fear traits could spread to wild
varieties– U.S. Food and Drug Administration declined to
require labeling of foods containing GMO’s.• New varieties are “substantially equivalent” to related
traditionally-bred varieties.
![Page 26: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How Would You Vote?
• Do the advantages of genetically engineered foods outweigh their disadvantages?
• Should labeling of GMOs be required?
![Page 27: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Increasing Food Supply: Producing More Meat
• ½ of the world’s meat is produced by livestock grazing on grass.
• ½ half is produced under factory-like conditions (feedlots).– Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
• High density, confined or allowed very little moving room
– A CAFO may contain as many as 2500 hogs or 55,000 turkeys in a single building
![Page 28: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fig. 13-21, p. 289
Trade-Offs
Animal Feedlots
Advantages Disadvantages
Increased meat production
Need large inputs of grain, fish meal, water, and fossil fuelsHigher profits
Concentrate animal wastes that can pollute water
Less land use
Reduced overgrazing
Reduced soil erosion
Antibiotics can increase genetic resistance to microbes in humans
Help protect biodiversity
![Page 30: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sustainable Animal Farming
• Free-range
• Organic
• Smaller scale farms
![Page 31: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Buy Local!
• The average American foodstuff travels an estimated 1500 miles before being consumed.
![Page 32: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Catching and Raising More Fish
• Fisheries– third major food-producing system
• ~55% of annual commercial catch from ocean
• ~45% from use of aquaculture to raise marine and freshwater fish
![Page 33: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fishing methods
![Page 34: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Catching and Raising More Fish
– Commercial fish amounts have been declining since 1980
• Overfishing– Tragedy of the commons
– Bycatch
![Page 35: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Raising More FishAquaculture: Aquatic Feedlots
• Raising large numbers of fish and shellfish in ponds and cages in a controlled environment and harvesting them in captivity.
![Page 36: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Trade-Offs
Aquaculture
Advantages Disadvantages
High efficiency Needs large inputs of land, feed, and water
High yield in small volume of water
Large waste output
Destroys mangrove forests and estuaries
Can reduce overharvesting of conventional fisheries Uses grain to feed
some species
Low fuel use Dense populations vulnerable to disease
Tanks too contaminated to use after about 5 years
High profits
Profits not tied to price of oil
![Page 37: Food and Agriculture. Land Use 11% of the earth’s land is used in agricultural production –Less land cultivated in NA now than 100 years ago](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e0c5503460f94af5169/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Solutions
Managing Fisheries
Fishery RegulationsSet catch limits well below the maximum sustainable yield
Improve monitoring and enforcementof regulations
Economic ApproachesSharply reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies
Charge fees for harvesting fish and shellfish from publicly owned offshore waters
Certify sustainable fisheries
Protected areasEstablish no-fishing areas
Establish more marine protected areas
Rely more on integrated coastal management
Consumer InformationLabel sustainably harvested fish
Publicize overfished and threatened species
BycatchUse wide-meshed nets to allow escape of smaller fish
Use net escape devices for seabirds and sea turtles
Ban throwing edible and marketable fish back into the sea
AquacultureRestrict coastal locations for fish farms
Control pollution more strictly
Depend more on herbivorous fish species
Nonnative InvasionsKill organisms in ship ballast water
Filter organisms from ship ballast water
Dump ballast water far at sea and replace withDeep-sea water