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FLOWERS AND
INFLORESCENCES
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Flowers
The flower is the reproductive organ of the
angiosperm plants. It is the most important
organ for the plant classification and
identification.
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Dicot. And Monocot Flowers
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Parts of the Flower
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Parts of Flowers
Perianth:
When the sepals and petals are not differentiated
It is called perianth ( units are called tepals,sepalloid or petalloid ).
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Parts of the Flower
- Pedicle
- Receptacle( if elongated it is called Hypanthium as in clove ).
- Calyx [ sepals, polysepalous (separate sepals) or gamosepalous
(united sepals)] - Corolla [petals, polypetalous (separate petals) or gamopetalous
(united petals)]
- Perianth ( tepals when the calyx and corolla areundifferentiated).
- Androecium [stamens (filament and anthers), free or joined] - Gynaecium ( Pestil)[carpels (ovary, style and stigma) free or
joined] .
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Adhesion in Calyx and Corolla
Gamosepalous calyx:
Gamopetalous corolla:
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Androecium Consists of stamens. Each stamen consists of a filament
and an anther( formed of two lobes open by slits andlined by a lignified fibrous layer and containing thepollen grains ).
Stamens may be united either by filaments or byanthers.
- Stamens united by filaments:
Monadelphous, diadelphous, tetradelphousetc.
- Stamens united by anthers ( syngenesious ):Didynamous, tetradynamous,..etc.
Stamens may be situated over the inner side of petals andin this case called Epipetallous.
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Adhesion of Androecium
United by filament:
Monadelphous, diadelphous.
United by anthers (syngenesious):
Diadynamous, Teradynamous.
United with the petals:
Epipetalous
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Gynaecium(Pistil)
It consists of one or more carpels (ovary, style andstigma).
Carpels may be free (apocarpous) or united
(syncarpous, note the number of locules; mono,bi,etc ).
The ovary (containing the ovules) may be superior (in
hypogenous flower) or inferior (in epigenous flower).
The ovary contains one or more ovules carried on
placenta which may be: Axile placentation
Parietal placentation
The stigma usually bifid and have papillosed surfacewh ?
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Gynaecium and Placentation
Free Carpels (Apocarpous).
Fused Carpels (Syncarpous).
Axile placentation. Parietal placentation.
Free central placentation.
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Types of flowers
According to the presence or absence of any of
the gynaecium or the androecium the flower
may be:
Hermaphrodite ( contains both the gynaecium
and androecium.
Unisexual:
- Pistillate (contains gynaecium only)
- Staminate (contains androecium only)
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Types of Flowers
According to the position of the floral parts in
comparison to the gynaecium the flower may be
described as:
- Hypogenous (A1).
- Perigenous(A2).
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Epigenous(A3).
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Types of Flowers
According to giving two equal parts if divided in
any direction the flower may be described as:
Regular (actinomorphic) ( giving two equal parts
when divided at any direction).
Zygomorphic ( giving two equal parts only if
divided in one direction).
This is usually represented in the floral diagram.
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Anatomy of Flowers
The Pedicel has the stem structure.
The bract, calyx and corolla have the leaf structure(epidermis of corolla often colored and has papillosed
or striated cuticle). The stigma usually have papillosed epidermis.
The anthers contain fibrous layer characteristic for theflowers.
Of first importance for the existence of flowers is thepresence of pollen grains. The shape , size and wallstructure of them are characteristic for each flower.
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Characteristic Elements Of
Powdered Flowers
Pollen grains:
Shape, exine,
germinal pores and
furrows.
Fibrous layer of anther ( lignified appear beaded in s. v.).
Papillosed epidermis of stigma.
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Inflorescence
It consists of a group of flowers arranged in certain
order.
The main axis of the inflorescences is called Rachis
Types of inflorescences:
- Racemose.
- Cymose.- Mixed ( racemes of cymes as in clove).
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Types of Inflorescences
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Example of Flower Medicinal Drugs
Clove.
Echinacea.
German Chamomile.
Roman Chamomile.
Santonica.
Pyrethrum.
Calendula.
Arnica.
Saffron.
Safflower.
Hibiscus.
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Clove
Botanical origin:
It is the dried flower buds ofEugenia
caryophyllusfamilyMyrtaceae.
Geographical Source:
Madagascar, Indonesia, Brazil and smaller
amounts in Seri Lanka and Tanzania.
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Photo Image of Clove
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Microscopical Charaters A)&B) Two types of clove.
C) Fruit (mother Clove).
D) Clove stalk.
E)L.S. in Clove.
F) T.S. in Hypanthium.
G) Stamen.
H) Petal (s.v.). I) Filament.
J) Fibrous layer.
K) Oil gland.
L) Epidermis. of hypanthium.
M) Parenchyma. Of hypanthium. N) Phloem fibers.
O) Pollen grains
P) Sclereids of mother Clove.
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Clove PowderKey Elements:
-Trianguler pollen grains.
-Schizolysigenous oil
glands.
-Fibrous layer of anther.
- Cluster crystals of
calcium oxalate.
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Active Constituents
Volatile oil (14-20%), the main constituent of
which is the phenolic compounds eugenol,
isoeugenol and acetyl eugenol, in addition to
sesquiterpenes(- and -phellandrene).
Hydrolysable tannin.
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Therapeutic Uses
Stimulant and aromatic flavoring and antiseptic.
The oil has local anesthetic effect ( used for
treatment of toothache).
The sesquiterpenes in oil of clove are cited to be
potential anticarcinogenic compounds.
Eugenol is used for the preparation of vanillin.
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Compositae Flower Head
(Sunflower inflorescence)
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Ray ( Ligulate ) Floret
It is pistillate.
Corolla is strip-like consisting of 5 united petals.
It has an inferior ovary and a bifid stigma,sometimes a bifid style.
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Disc( Tubular ) Floret
It is hermaphrodite.
Corolla is tubular consisting of 5 united petals
showing 5 teeth.
It has an inferior ovary and a bifid stigma.
The androecium is joined by anther
(synginaceous anther).
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Roman Chamomile
Botanical origin:
It is the dried flower heads ofAnthemis nobilis
familyCompositae.
Geographical Source:
It is cultivated in south England, Belgium,
France, Germany, Hungary and Poland and
others.
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Roman chamomile
Photo-image
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Chamomile Powder
Anthemis nobilis
Key Elements:
- Pollen grains ( spherical with
spiny exine ).
- Fibrous layer of anther.- Papillosed stigma.
- Compositae glandular trichomes
( biseriate[2-4 cells] stalk, bicellularbiseriate head ).
- Non glandular trichomes.
- Cluster crystals of calcium
oxalate.
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Active Constituents
Volatile oil (0.4-1%) the main constituent of
which is n-butyl angelate, and azulene (gives the
oil blue color).
Sesquiterpene lactones.
Apigenin and luteolin (flavonoids).
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Therapeutic Uses
For the treatment of dyspepsia (in the form of
infusion).
In shampoo preparations.
In poultice preparation for treatment of some
skin diseases.
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German Chamomile
Botanical origin:
It is the dried flower heads ofMatricaria recutita
family Compositae.
Geographical Sourse:
It is native to and cultivated in southern and
eastern Europe such as Germany and Hungery.
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Photo-image of German Chamomile
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Roman and German Chamomile
A,B)Roman Ch.
C,E)German Ch.
D)Ray floret of
Germa German Ch.1)Disc floret
2)Ray floret
3)Palae
4)Receptacle
5)bract of
involucre
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Difference between German and
Roman Chamomile
Roman Chamomile German Chamomile
*Very few disc florets * One whorl ray florets
and abundant ray and abundant discflorets (double capitulum) florets.
* Solid receptacle * Hollow receptacle.
*There are palae (thin * No palae are found.membranous bracts)
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Powdered Matricaria
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Active Constituents
Volatile Oil (0.4%)blue in color due to the
presence of chamazulene which is a
sesquiterpene lactone found in the oil together
with other sesquiterpenes (bisabolol andfarnesene.
Apigenin flavonoid.
Coumarins.
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Therapeutic Uses
Antispasmodic for digestive disorders.
Anti-inflammatory in skin preparations.
It has an ulcer-protective properties (due to thebisabolol content).