Download - Feeding the World
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Feeding the World
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A long long time ago…
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So what happened
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• Now 21 % of the Earth’s land is currently cultivated and grazed.
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Did agriculture fix everything?
• In 2009, 1 billion people lacked access to adequate amounts of food.
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Nutritional Requirements
• Undernutrition (chronic hunger); not consuming enough calories to be healthy.
• Effects: improper brain development and lower IQ (just 100-400 Kilocalories less than daily need)
• Calories not the only issue:– According to WHO 3 million people (half world’s
population) are malnourished.– Food security vs. food insecurity
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Food Insecurity
• Famine: condition where food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a short period of time.
• What could cause famine?• 250,000 kids become blind each year from
vitamin A deficiency.• 3 million anemic people in the world.• Marasmus: nutritional deficiency which involves
both lack of calories and lack of proteins.
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Why malnutrition?
• We grow enough food to feed 8 billion people. (our population 7 billion). Why are folks still going hungry?– Poverty (food not accessable)– Political and economic factors. (refuges, poor gov’t
regulation= wars and unrest)– Used to feed livestock and poultry. (40% of US
grain)
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Food Security
• Overnutrition:1 billion people are overweight and roughly 300 million are obese. (20% over their ideal weight)
• Worldwide there are 50,000 edible plants but just three constitutes 60% of human energy intake.
• Meat consumption has increased globally and in the US.
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The Green Revolution
• Dr. Norman Borlaug: won Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to increasing the world food supply.
• What kind of changes are we talking about?– Mechanization– Irrigation– Fertilizers– Monocropping– Pesticides
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Mechanization
Pros
• More work done quicker = more money
Cons• High up front cost• Monoculture is best• Increase energy use =
increase pollution
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Irrigation
Pro• Increase crop growth• Transform deserts to prime
farm land.
Con• Deplete ground water• Soil degradation
(waterlogging and salinization)
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Fertilizers
Pro• Replenishes lost nutrients
from overuse of soil.– Two types
• Organic • Synthetic (easier to apply,
nutrient content can be targeted to the needs of the farmer, easily absorbed.
Cons• Manufacturing = the use of
fossil fuels• More likely to be carried off
by runoff.• Do not add organic matter
to the soil.
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Monocropping: Do we need to review?
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Pesticides
Pro
• Gets rid of pest• Prevents crop damage
Cons
• Bioaccumulation with persistent pesticides
• Pest developing a resistance• Kills beneficial organisms• Pollute water
Terms you will hear when talking about pesticides1. Insecticides2. Herbicides3. Broad spectrum4. Selective5. Persistent (DDT)6. nonpersistant
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The Genetic Revolution
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GMO’s : the second Green Revolution
• What are they?– Genetically engineered using recombinant DNA by
the process of gene splicing.
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GMO’s : the second Green Revolution
Advantages• Increased crop yield and
quality.• Could change pesticide use• Increased profits
Disadvantages• So fear but not proven, that
human ingestion can cause problems.
• Effects on biodiversity (modified genes will spread to wild relatives) and useful traits could be lost.
• No regulations (if you want to purchase NO GMO’s then you can buy “organic”
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What about our Proteins?High-Density Animal Farming: CAFO’s (Concentrated animal feeding operations)
Advantages
• More product• Easier to produce• Cheaper• More money
Disadvantages• Concentrations of pollution
problems such as foul smells from fed lots
• Contaminations to drinking water by nitrates in animal wastes (also effects vegetables)
• Increase in the spread of diseases.• Increase pressure on the world’s
grain supply to feed the animals• Increase inputs of energy from
fossil fuels
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Who’s to blame?
• Ignorance (us)• Government Policies– Farm Bill
• http://www.farmbillfacts.org/rallying-for-action-toward-the-next-farm-bill
• http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15891678
– Subsidies (keeps food prices artificially low)• http://www.pbs.org/teachers/access-analyze-act-econ
omy/curriculum/sugar-supply/the-cultivation-of-agricultural-subsidies#instant-expert
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More Sustainable Methods1. Small scale farming2. Shifting agriculture (Includes slash and burn)3. Sustainable agriculture: intercropping, crop rotation,
agroforestry, contour plowing/planting4. No-Till agriculture5. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)6. Organic Agriculture: use natural systems, keep as much
organic matter in soil as possible, no synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
7. To reduce fertilizer run-off (used prescribe amounts and plant legumes and other nitrogen fixing plants)