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FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL
SOLAR PV CARPORT PROJECT
CARRIED OUT BY ARKD ENGINEERING
Samir AhmadAndres ReineroPooja Kapadia
VamshiKrishna Domudala
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The Location
Latitude 42.65 Longitude 71.32
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Motivation• UML’s motivation for carrying out this study is to
determine the technical and financial viability of reducing their carbon footprint.
• Promotion of the university’s image as good engineering institution.
• Integration of UML’s electrical vehicle fleet with the EV charging stations powered by in-house generated solar energy.
• Hands on training for engineering students.• Good use of carport space.• And obviously the money!
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Project planning and community issue ( The permitting process)
The permitting process
The conservation commission Local zoning Authority Local town/municipality
National Grid (Impact Study)
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Solar irradiance at the Site
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The elevation difference used in PVsyst
The bleachers are 5ft below datum plane and the height of panels is 10ft above datum plane. Net height difference between 16ft.
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General project layout
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General project layout (with panels)
East –West view
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Carport back structure
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The components Equipment name Name Quantity
Solar panels Yingli 260 Watt (YGE 60 cell) 2160String Inverter SMA Tri power 15KW 9 x (2 MPPT inputs)String Inverter SMA Tri power 25KW 4 x (2 MPPT inputs)
Carport structure Carport structure cooperation 4 x Beam Over Double
Carport structure Carport structure cooperation 1 x Beam Over Single
DC switch gear Bentek ( 8 & 12 Inputs, 15 Amp each)
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Panel board busbar at (Every array)
General (Aluminum bus-bar) 5
Panel bus bar General (Aluminum bus-bar) 1
Digital Acquisition System (DAS) + Meters
1
Grounding Transformer - 1
Step up transformer (480V to 13.8KVA)
- 1
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Carport racking structure
Beam over single (Used in Array 1 only)
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Carport racking structure
Beam over double (Used in Array 2,3,4 & 5 only)
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Shading Analysis
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Shading Analysis at 3:15pm
Representation of inter row shading at 3 deg tilt
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Shading Analysis at 3:45pm
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Shading analysis at 7:45AM
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Shading analysis at 9AM
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Main project design specs
Parameter
System size (KW) 561.6
Modules 2160 x Yingli 260 Watt
Modules per string Variable (21 and 18 strings/inverter)
Inverter 21 x SMA Tripower (15KW and 25KW)
Racking Carport Racking (double and single overhang)
Azimuth 10 Deg
Tilt 3 Deg
Total number of strings 108 Strings (two types)
Number Transformer Grounding transformer, Step up transformer
Grid interconnection voltage 13.8 KVA
Total busbars 6
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Single line DC (Array 1)
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DC single line (Array 2)
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DC single line (Array 3,4 & 5)
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Single line diagram (DC side)
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AC single line diagram
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Pvsyst losses assumptions
Soiling Losses 2% monthly
AC Wiring Losses 1.50%
Transformer Losses 0.98%
Albedo - Summer 0.1
Albedo - Winter 0.5 – 0.6
Summer Maximum 45 C
Summer Minimum (ASHRAE) -20 C
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Grid Interconnection (National grid)
13.8 KVA interconnection point available 1000ft far! So we assumed a hypothetical interconnection point near the project
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NEC calculationArticle/Table number Description
690.7 Maximum system voltage
690.8690.8(A)690.8(B)
310.15(B)(3)(C)
310.15(B)(2)(a)
Circuit current and circuit sizingMaximum DC circuit currentConductor ampacity Sizing
Ambient temp. adjustment for raceways or cables exposed to sunlight on or above rooftops
Ambient temp. correction factors based on 30 deg C
690.9240.6(A)
Over current protectionTo select standard OCPD’s
Table 8 Voltage drop calculations
280 Surge arrestors
250 Grounding electrode conductor
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•690.8(A) Imax = 11.36 Amps•690.8(B)(1) & (2) Ampacity sizing•310.15(B)(17) 18 AWG •Table 8 Voltage drop = 5.77 Volts
= 0.75% of max
•690.9 OCPD = 15A• Article 240.6(A)
•690.7 Vmax= 772Volts
String type 1
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PV Output DC Circuit
•690.8(A) Imax = 45.44 Amps•690.8(B)(1) & (2) Ampacity sizing• M1: 56.8 Amps, M2: 69.91•310.15(B)(17) 6 AWG •Table 8 Voltage drop = 1.16 Volts
= 0.15% of max
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String type 2
•690.8(A) Imax = 11.36 Amps•690.8(B)(1) & (2) Ampacity sizing•310.15(B)(17) 18 AWG •Table 8 Voltage drop = 5.77 Volts
= 0.75% of max
•690.9 OCPD = 15A• Article 240.6(A)
•690.7 Vmax= 900Volts
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PV Output DC Circuit
•690.8(A) Imax = 68.16 Amps•690.8(B)(1) & (2) Ampacity sizing• M1: 85.2 Amps, M2: 104.86•310.15(B)(17) 4 AWG •Table 8 Voltage drop = 0.73 Volts
= 0.08% of max3 AWG= 0.58 Volts= 0.06% of max
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AC side NEC Codes
Article 280Article 250
Article 470.19
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PvSyst assumed losses
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Production yield
Specific Yield 1240 Kwh/kw Performance ratio 84.3%
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Environmental benefitsThe annual yield of 696.6 Mwh off 480 metric
tons of CO2 annually.
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Financials
• Project owner – University of Massachusetts• Land owner - University of Massachusetts• Developer – ARKD Engineering ( which is us!)• Financer – Bank of America (Any financial
institution)• National grid is the buyer and transmission
services provider.
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Hard CostComponents Cost $/W
Modules 0.73
Inverters 0.16
Electrical 0.64
Installation Materials
0.1275
Soft CostParameter Cost
Installation 0.2125 $/W
Engineering 0.425 $/W
Permitting & commissioning
0.15 $/W
Installer Overhead & Profit
0.16 $/W
Supply chain cost 0.49 $/W
Tax 0.235 $/W
Interconnection fee $7,500.00
Miscellaneous 0.2 $/W• Carport Structures Corporation charges $0.85 for installation materials, Engineering, and Installation
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6%
12%
4%
2%2%
14%
7%
0%
Installation
Engineering
Permitting and Commissioning
Installer Overhead
Installer profit
Supply chain cost
Tax
Interconnection fee
Soft cost breakup
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6%
12%
4%
2%2%
14%
7%
0%
Installation
Engineering
Permitting and Commissioning
Installer Overhead
Installer profit
Supply chain cost
Tax
Interconnection fee
Soft cost breakup
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Incentives
• Federal 30% Investment Tax Credit (ITC)• SREC – 10 year period SREC Factor 1 Current SREC Value is $274/MWh
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Fixed Input Parameters
• Degradation rate – 0.5%• Maintenance cost – in the range of 15-20 $/kW• Estimated property tax – A*31.75/1000Total annual cost per parking space for commercial property is $384.00A = Total parking spaces*384.00$31.75 per $1000 – property tax rate found on Assessor page of lowellma.gov
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Fixed Input Parameters
• Increase in property tax – 10%Increased Asset Value = Hard cost*31.75/1000Estimated property tax/Increase in asset value• Inverter replacement cost = 0.25 $/W• Income tax rate = 35%
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Variable Input Parameters
Scenarios SREC Value $/MWh
Market Discount Rate
Inflation Rate
Conservative 181.5 1% 1%
Likely 274 2% 1.5%
Optimistic 300 2% 2%
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Simple Payback Period
Conservative Likely Optimistic0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
20.8 20.8 20.8
7.1
5.4 5.0
Simple Payback Period
SPB W/O SREC
SPB with SREC
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NPV Analysis
Conservative Likely Optimistic
-1000000.00
-500000.00
0.00
500000.00
1000000.00
1500000.00
2000000.00
-520780.85-401477.60 -332187.01
644097.01
1267025.52
1494641.23
Net Present Value
NPV w/o SREC ($)
NPV with SREC ($)
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Recommendation to the University• The specific yield of 1240 Kwh/kw represents a healthy
specific yield at 3 deg tilt and 10 azimuth. The project is a technically sound venture.
• The Solar PV carport project will give a good integration to the university EV fleet flans for the future.
• The university can raise capital through Alumni and other endowment sources to further improve the financials.
• This project will be an excellent opportunity for the students in the energy program to engage in hands on training.
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Thank you !!