FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ON CAPACITOR BANK INSTALLED
IN TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD SUBSTATION
SHAIRUL WIZMAR BIN WAHAB
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ON CAPACITOR BANK INSTALLED
IN TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD SUBSTATION
SHAIRUL WIZMAR BIN WAHAB
A project report submitted in fulfilment of the
Requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical-Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JUNE 2012
iii
Specially dedicated to my beloved mom and dad,
Leha bt. Mohd Noor and Wahab bin Abdul Rahman,
My siblings and family, for their encouragement and support;
As well as my beloved wife, Yuzlina bt. Mohd Napis, my kids Syahmi Harris and Nur
Sarah Yasmin, and all my friends for their encouragement and motivated me along
my excellent journey of education
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, Praise be to Allah, the
Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds. With His permission I have completed my
Master Degree of Electrical Engineering (Power) and hopefully this works will
benefit the development of the Ummah all over the world
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Prof.
Dr. Mohd Wazir bin Mustafa, who has supported me throughout my work with his
guidance, patience, motivation, enthusiasm and enormous knowledge whilst allowing
me the room to work in my own way. I attribute the level of my Master Degree to his
encouragement and effort which without him this report would not have been
possible to be written and completed. It is an honor for me having this opportunity
doing the project under his supervision.
It is a pleasure to thank those who made this project report possible and I
would like to show my huge appreciations to my fellow colleagues and also En.
Danial Mohd Noor for the motivation and moral support.
Last but not least, I owe my deepest appreciation to my beloved wife Yuzlina
bt Mohd Napis, my father Wahab bin Abdul Rahman, my mother Leha bt Mohd
Noor, my father in law Mohd Napis bin Mohd Shariff, my mother in law Kalsom bt,
my son Syahmi Harris, my daughter Nur Sarah Yasmin and all my family for
supporting me spiritually throughout my life.
v
ABSTRACT
Generally, reactive power is correlated with voltage in power system. In the
high voltage substation, capacitor bank is used to increase back voltage that has been
dropped due to high load or long transmission line used for transmitting electricity.
In this work, it will describe in general on operation of capacitor bank in the system
and details on analysis on performance of capacitor bank especially during failure of
capacitor units or elements. In the capacitor bank design, it contains several capacitor
units which have been arranged in specified configuration to provide reactive power
to the system. A unit of capacitor bank itself contains many capacitor elements that
provide capacitance value. There are many designs for arrangement of capacitor
units and elements for capacitor bank by the Original Equipments Manufacturer
(OEM). As usual, for any electrical equipment that installed in power system, it is
protected with protection devices in order to avoid any damaged to the equipment
during fault occurred. For failure of capacitor units or elements, it must be detected
as well since it will contribute to the unbalance on capacitance value, current and
voltage. There are two techniques of detecting failures of capacitor units or elements
which are current and voltage techniques. In Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
substation, current technique is most preferable since the lack of voltage technique
which is easy influenced by voltage grid system. Two models of capacitor bank that
have been installed in TNB substation presently are modeled in PSCAD software for
performance analysis aligns with allowable voltage tolerance stated in IEEE Std 18-
1992 and Std 1036-1992. As conclusion, based on performance analysis of capacitor
bank during failure of capacitor units or elements, the design of arrangement for
capacitor units is very important since the failure of capacitor unit or element will
lead to unbalance current in capacitor bank. Furthermore, from the analysis, the
numbers of failure capacitor elements which produces to unbalance in the system can
be predicted so that alarm and tripping will be triggered to avoid further damages.
vi
ABSTRAK
Secara umumnya, kuasa reaktif adalah berhubungkait dengan voltan pada
sistem kuasa. Di Pencawang Voltan Tinggi, banka kapasitor digunakan untuk
menaikkan semula voltan yang telah jatuh disebabkan beban tinggi atau penggunaan
talian penghantaran yang panjang bagi menghantar elektrik. Di dalam kerja ini, ia
akan menerangkan secara umum bagi operasi banka kapasitor di dalam sistem dan
secara terperinci bagi analisis prestasi banka kapasitor terutamanya semasa
kerosakan unit atau elemen. Di dalam rekabentuk banka kapasitor, ia mengandungi
banyak unit kapasitor yang telah disusun dalam spesifik konfigurasi untuk
membekalkan kuasa reaktif pada sistem. Satu unit kapasitor sendiri mengandungi
elemen-elemen kapasitor yang membekalkan nilai kapasitan. Terdapat banyak
rekabentuk bagi susunan unit atau elemen kapasitor untuk banka kapasitor oleh
pembuat peralatan asal. Seperti lazimnya, bagi sebarang peralatan elektrik yang
dipasang di dalam sistem, ianya dilindungi dengan sistem perlindungan untuk
mengelakkan kemusnahanan peralatan semasa kerosakan berlaku. Bagi kerosakan
unit atau elemen kapasitor, ianya mesti dikesan sebaiknya berikutan ia akan
menyumbang kepada ketidakseimbangan nilai kapasitan, arus dan voltan. Terdapat
dua teknik mengesan kerosakan unit atau elemen kapasitor iaitu teknik arus dan
voltan. Di Pencawang Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), teknik arus lebih dipilih
berikutan kekurangan teknik voltan yang lebih mudah dipengaruhi oleh voltan sistem
grid. Dua model banka kapasitor yang telah dipasang di dalam pencawang TNB
ketika ini dimodelkan di dalam perisisan PSCAD untuk analisis prestasi selaras
dengan voltan dibenarkan seperti dinyatakan pada Piawai IEEE 18-1992 dan Piawai
1036-1992. Kesimpulannya, berdasarkan analisis prestasi banka kapasitor semasa
kerosakan kapasitor unit atau elemen, rekabentuk untuk susunan kapasitor unit
adalah sangat penting berikutan kerosakan kapasitor unit atau elemen akan
menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan arus banka kapasitor. Tambahan lagi, bilangan
untuk kerosakan elemen yang menghasilkan ketidakseimbangan di dalam sistem
boleh dijangka supaya penggera dan pelantikan akan beroperasi bagi mengelakkan
kerosakan seterusnya.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Project Background 2
1.2.1 Reactive Power 3
1.2.2 Application in TNB System 5
1.3 Problem Statement 5
1.4 Objectives 6
1.5 Scope 7
1.6 Literature Review 7
1.6.1 Modeling System using PSCAD 8
1.6.2 Circuit Simulation 9
1.6.3 Performance Analysis 9
1.7 Report Outline 9
viii
2 CAPACITOR BANK
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Capacitor Bank 12
2.2.1 Power Factor Correction 12
2.2.2 Capacitor Unit 15
2.2.3 Capacitor Capabilities 17
2.2.4 System Configuration 18
2.3 Installation in TNB System 20
2.3.1 System Protection 21
2.3.2 Failure in Capacitor Unit 22
2.4 Summary 22
3 ANALYSIS ON FAILURE CAPACITOR BANK
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Failure of Capacitor Unit 24
3.3 Method Detecting Unbalance 24
3.3.1 Current Detection Method 25
3.3.2 Voltage Detection Method 30
3.4 Application and Design of Capacitor Bank 32
3.4.1 Ungrounded Single Wye 32
3.4.2 Ungrounded Double Wye 33
3.4.3 Grounded Single Wye 34
3.4.4 Grounded Double Wye 34
3.5 Summary 35
4 MODELING FOR PSCAD SIMULATION
4.1 Introduction 36
4.2 Data Gathering and Analysis Techniques 37
4.3 Operation Capacitor Bank in the System 38
4.4 Capacitor Bank Model A 40
4.4.1 Design with Capacitor Unit 40
4.4.2 Design with Capacitor Elements 40
4.5 Capacitor Bank Model A 42
4.5.1 Design with Capacitor Unit 42
ix
4.5.2 Design with Capacitor Elements 42
4.6 Summary 44
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Introduction 45
5.2 Operation Capacitor Bank in the System 45
5.3 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Elements: Model A 46
5.3.1 Case 1: Elements Failure at Same Group 48
5.3.2 Case 2: Elements Failure at Different Group 52
5.3.3 Case 3: Elements Failure at Same Group
and Different Group (All Elements)
55
5.3.4 Case 4: Elements Failure at Same Group
and Different Group (One Elements)
58
5.4 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Units: Model A 59
5.4.1 Case 1: No Elements Failure 62
5.4.2 Case 2: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 9.00µ F
(4 Elements Failure at Left Bank)
62
5.4.3 Case 3: Capacitor Unit Dropped Based
Elements Failure at Left Bank
64
5.4.4 Case 4: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 9.82µ F
(2 Elements Failure at Both Bank)
65
5.5 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Elements: Model B 68
5.5.1 Case 1: Elements Failure at Same Group 69
5.5.2 Case 2: Elements Failure at Different Group 74
5.5.3 Case 3: Elements Failure at Same Group
and Different Group (All Elements)
77
5.5.4 Case 4: Elements Failure at Same Group
and Different Group (One Elements)
80
5.6 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Units: Model B 81
5.6.1 Case 1: No Elements Failure 85
5.6.2 Case 2: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 24.70µ F
(6 Elements Failure at Left Bank)
85
x
5.6.3 Case 3: Capacitor Unit Dropped Based
Elements Failure at Left Bank
87
5.6.4 Case 4: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 28.50µ F
(3 Elements Failure at Both Bank)
89
5.7 Finding 92
5.8 Summary 93
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 General Conclusion 94
6.2 Recommendation for Future Work 96
REFERENCES 97
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Example data capacitor bank installed in TNB 13
4.1 Data for capacitor bank Model A and Model B 37
5.1 Details calculation for capacitor element Model A 49
5.2 Summary results for Case 1 50
5.3 Analysis with one unit element failure (same group) 50
5.4 Analysis with two unit element failure (same group) 51
5.5 Analysis with three unit element failure (same group) 51
5.6 Analysis with four unit element failure (same group) 52
5.7 Analysis with one unit element failure (different group) 53
5.8 Analysis with two unit element failure (different group) 53
5.9 Analysis with three unit element failure (different group) 54
5.10 Analysis with four unit element failure (different group) 54
5.11 Analysis with eleven unit element failure (different group) 55
5.12 Analysis with eleven unit element failure (same and different
group)
56
5.13 Analysis with eight unit element failure (same and different
group)
56
5.14 Analysis with nine unit element failure (same and different
group)
57
5.15 Analysis with ten unit element failure (same and different
group)
57
5.16 Analysis with five unit element failure (same and different
group)
58
5.17 Capacitance Effects due to Failure of Capacitor Elements 60
5.18 Details for calculation for capacitor unit 61
5.19 No failures at the capacitor unit 62
xii
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
5.20 No capacitor unit failed 63
5.21 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 Fµ 63
5.22 Analysis with two capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 Fµ 63
5.23 Analysis with three capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 Fµ 64
5.24 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 10.08 Fµ 64
5.25 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.82 Fµ 65
5.26 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.48 Fµ 65
5.27 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (same
phase)
66
5.28 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different
phase)
66
5.29 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different
phase)
67
5.30 Summary analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both
banks
67
5.31 Details for calculation for capacitor element Model B 70
5.32 Summary result for Case 1 71
5.33 Analysis with one unit element failure (same group) 71
5.34 Analysis with two unit element failure (same group) 72
5.35 Analysis with three unit element failure (same group) 72
5.36 Analysis with four unit element failure (same group) 73
5.37 Analysis with five unit element failure (same group) 73
5.38 Analysis with six unit element failure (same group) 74
5.39 Analysis with one unit element failure (different group) 75
5.40 Analysis with two unit element failure (different group) 75
5.41 Analysis with three unit element failure (different group) 76
5.42 Analysis with four unit element failure (different group) 76
5.43 Analysis with four unit element failure (same and different
group)
77
xiii
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
5.44 Analysis with five unit element failure (same and different
group)
78
5.45 Analysis with six unit element failure (same and different
group)
78
5.46 Analysis with seven unit element failure (same and different
group)
79
5.47 Analysis with eight unit element failure (same and different
group)
79
5.48 Analysis with nine unit element failure (same and different
group)
80
5.49 Analysis with seven unit element failure (same and different
group)
81
5.50 Capacitance Effects due to Failure of Capacitor Elements 83
5.51 Details for calculation for capacitor unit 84
5.52 No failures at the capacitor unit 85
5.53 No capacitor unit failed 86
5.54 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 24.70 Fµ 86
5.55 Analysis with two capacitor units dropped to value 24.70 Fµ
(same group)
86
5.56 Analysis with two capacitor units dropped to value 24.70 Fµ
(different group)
87
5.57 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 30.19 Fµ 88
5.58 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 29.41 Fµ 88
5.59 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 28.50 Fµ 88
5.60 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 27.45 Fµ 89
5.61 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 26.20 Fµ 89
5.62 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (same
phase)
90
5.63 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different
phase)
90
xiv
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
5.64 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different
phase)
91
5.65 Summary analysis on failure of capacitor unit at both bank 91
5.66 Findings for Model A and Model B 92
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Modeling power system 4
1.2 Flow chart of project methodology 8
2.1 Power Triangle 13
2.2 Application capacitor bank to substation 14
2.3 Power factor correction 14
2.4 Capacitor bank system 15
2.5 Design for capacitor unit 16
2.6 Complete bay for capacitor bank 20
2.7 System Protection for Capacitor Bank 21
3.1 Statistic failure capacitor bank 24
3.2 Simplified circuit for unbalance current method 25
3.3 Simplified circuit for unbalance method red phase 26
3.4 Simplified circuit for unbalance method yellow phase 28
3.5 Simplified circuit for unbalance method blue phase 29
3.6 Vectorial current summation 30
3.7 Simplified circuit for unbalance voltage method 31
3.8 Ungrounded single Y with using voltage method 33
3.9 Ungrounded double Y with using current method 33
3.10 Grounded single Y with using current method 34
3.11 Grounded double Y with using current method 35
4.1 Installation Capacitor Bank in the System 38
4.2 Circuit for Capacitor Bank 39
4.3 Arrangement for Capacitor Unit of Model A 41
4.4 Arrangement for Capacitor Elements of Model A 41
4.5 Arrangement for Capacitor Unit of Model B 43
4.6 Arrangement for Capacitor Elements of Model B 44
xvi
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
5.1 Output for Operation of Capacitor Bank 46
5.2 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Element Model A 47
5.3 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Unit Model A 59
5.4 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Element Model B 68
5.5 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Unit Model B 82
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
P - Real Power
Q - Reactive Power
V - Receiving Voltage
E - Sending Voltage
C - Capacitance
δ - Angle of Sending Voltage
θ - Angle of Impedance
φ - Angle of Current
SA - Sending Apparent Power
SB - Receiving Apparent Power
Fµ - Micro Farad
Z - Impedance
X - Reactance
kVA - Unit of Apparent Power
kW - Unit of Active Power
kVar - Unit of Reactive Power
f - Frequency
R1 - Total Capacitance Red Left Bank
Y1 - Total Capacitance Yellow Left Bank
B1 - Total Capacitance Blue Left Bank
R2 - Total Capacitance Red Right Bank
Y2 - Total Capacitance Yellow Right Bank
R2 - Total Capacitance Blue Right Bank
I - Unbalance Current
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Single-Y - Single Wye
Double-Y - Double Wye
PSCAD - Power System Computer Aided Design
TNB - Tenaga Nasional Berhad
SVC - Static Var Compensator
PF - Power Factor
IEEE - International of Electrical & Electronic Eng.
CT - Current Transformer
MS - Malaysia Standard
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Nowadays, power system demand kept increasing from time to time aligns
with development in every aspect of life. There will be a big responsibility and
challenge to the utility company to deliver good quality service to the consumers
including minimum interruption.
As basic principles of electrical power system, voltage profile can be
controlled by reactive power management meanwhile frequency profile can be
controlled by active power management. Hence, any requirement especially in case
voltage fluctuation either low or high occurred, we can control by providing reactive
power as needed. The sources for providing reactive power can be in many ways
such as generators, capacitors and reactors.
Generally installation of capacitor bank in the substation is a device providing
reactive power to the system in order to maintain nominal voltage which might drop
due to high load and losses. In this project, more focus is given to analyze on failure
on capacitor bank itself. The capacitor bank system should help power system grid
2
but without proper design or poor knowledge and implementation on this, capacitor
bank will become catastrophic to electrical engineer which might waste a lot of
energy and money in order to maintain it, also increasing of risk factor due to
explosion on any capacitor unit.
In this chapter, it will describe clearly on project background, problem
statement, objectives on this project, scopes of the project and the methodology in
order to achieve the targets. In addition, it also discusses generally on relation
reactive power with voltage profile and application by utility company in Malaysia
for providing reactive power to the system.
1.2 Project Background
Generally, the voltage in the substation plays a vital role in order to determine
the reliability and availability supply to the customers. It must be monitored closely
especially from the utility side so that provided voltage at the busbar is within
tolerance given. Low voltage can contribute to bad performance on the electrical
equipment meanwhile over voltage can contribute to over stress on the insulation and
reduce life time of the equipment. In power system, electricity which generated from
power station is transmitted via transmission lines to give supply at load centre. With
consideration losses at transmission lines, it will affect voltage drop at the substation.
Meantime, voltage drop can be happened when the substation is connected with
heavy loaded area in example at industrial area. However, voltage can be higher and
exceeding the limits during light load and at same time too many generator were in
service.
3
As stated in basic electrical power system, a change in real power demand
affects essentially the frequency meanwhile a change in reactive power affects
mainly the voltage magnitude. It shows that voltage can be controlled with providing
additional reactive power in the system. The sources of reactive power are
generators, capacitors and reactors [9]. In the substation, capacitors are used widely
to increase back the low voltage meanwhile reactors are used widely to reduce back
over voltage in the system. Capacitor bank installation is more preferable might due
to more economical and less maintenance compared with other devices such as Static
Var Compensator (SVC).
Capacitor bank that has been installed in the substation should be working
efficiently to provide reactive power in the system so that voltage profile can be
controlled as well. Generally, capacitor bank is designed with series and parallel
connection of several capacitor units. It also has been designed with selected system
configuration such as Double Wye (Double-Y) Undergrounded System or Double-Y
Grounded System. In this study, focus is given to Double-Y Undergrounded System
since it has been used in Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Substation. Failures of
capacitor bank due to capacitor units or elements are detected through protection
devices installed in the system.
1.2.1 Reactive Power
With looking into reactive power system, an ideal case will show balance
between existence of reactive power generated and reactive power requirement of the
grid. If these two balance with each other then the voltage profile of the grid can be
said ‘good’ [10].
4
When the balance between reactive power generated and reactive power
required is disturbed, the voltage instability prevails causing voltage fluctuations
[10]. In the simplest word, we can appreciate that:
Reactive generation < Reactive requirement = Low voltage
Reactive generation > Reactive requirement = Low voltage
Considering Figure 1.1 for modeling of power transfer and reactive power [10]:
Figure 1.1: Modeling power system
From derivation, we can see voltage depends only on reactive power. The equations
stated as below [10]:
VXQVE =− (1.1)
QVE ∝− (1.2)
Where E = sending voltage
V = receiving voltage
Q = reactive power
X = reactance
5
1.2.2 Application in Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Substation
TNB is a utility company in Malaysia that supply electricity in Peninsular of
Malaysia. Similarly with other utilities company in the world, TNB also has shown
their concern about voltage magnitude especially in the substation. With same
principles of electrical engineering applied to the system, TNB has used equipment
in the substation to inject or absorb reactive power in order to control the voltage
magnitude such as:
i. Installation of capacitor bank to increase dropped voltage
ii. Installation of reactor to compensate over voltage
iii. Installation SVC to increase dropped voltage and to compensate over
voltage
1.3 Problem Statement
Capacitor bank is one of the common applications that have been used widely
in the substation in order to increase the voltage drop. Capacitor bank is designed
with many connection of capacitor unit instead only one connection capacitor unit.
The reason capacitor bank is not designed with only one connection unit might due
to the capability on design capacitor unit with high value capacitance and to
minimize risk if one capacitor unit failure and contributed the whole capacitor bank
to be out of service. A number of capacitor units are arranged with series and parallel
connection to provide or inject reactive power to the system. In the high voltage
substation, capacitor bank is installed and connected directly to the high voltage
busbar.
6
There are several reasons can be listed out as root causes on the failure of
capacitor bank from operating efficiently. One of that is the failure of capacitor units
or elements which can cause capacitor bank to be out of service for certain period
until the problems have been rectified. Basically, there are many designs with
different total number of capacitor units and different arrangements of capacitor
units. Protective relays have been installed in the capacitor bank bay so that any
abnormalities can be sensed quickly and enable circuit breaker to isolate the system
immediately. Nevertheless, the focus here is to determine the techniques to be used
for detecting the failure of capacitor units.
1.4 Objectives
The main objectives of this project are as follow:
i. To review method of detecting unbalance system due to failure of
capacitor unit
ii. To analyze unbalance current method as utilized in TNB system
iii. To simulate and evaluate the performances of capacitor bank design
during failure of capacitor unit
7
1.5 Scope of the Project
The main scopes of this research are as follow:
i. Study and analysis is based on capacitor bank installed in TNB Substation
(Configuration Double-Y Ungrounded)
ii. Analysis on technique or method of detecting on failure capacitor unit in
capacitor bank system
iii. Simulation and analysis performance from two model of capacitor bank
by using PSCAD software:
a) Model A – had been installed at TNB Cheras Jaya 132kV
Substation
b) Model B – had been installed at TNB Bukit Jelutong 132kV
Substation
1.6 Literature Review
In order to achieve the project objectives, the methodology is constructed
with several stages as Figure 1.2. In literature review, the focus is to review the basic
principles of capacitor bank design, principles and construction. The protection
scheme for capacitor bank also has been reviewed for deep understanding on which
protective relays should be operated during capacitor unit failed. Besides, the
techniques for detecting failure of capacitor unit has been analyzed as well so that the
principles can be clearly understood and applied in this research.
8
Figure 1.2: Flow chart of project methodology
1.6.1 Modeling System using PSCAD
There are two designed model of capacitor bank installed in TNB system.
Both is using configuration Double-Y Connection. Both designs are modeled in
PSCAD so that the performance for every design during failure of capacitor unit or
elements can be determined.
9
1.6.2 Circuit Simulation
Both models of circuits are used for simulation using PSCAD/EMTDC
software in order to analyze the performance of capacitor bank.
1.6.3 Performance Analysis
The performance for each design of capacitor bank during failure of capacitor
unit or elements is analyzed and evaluated by creating some case study related to the
failure.
1.7 Report Outline
Report writing is conducted in order to document the project’s objectives,
scopes, methodology and the results. All methodology involved is documented and
explained in detail for understanding purposed.
This project report consists of six chapters. In Chapter 1, the project is
elaborated clearly including the objectives and scopes of the project. In Chapter 2,
the principles of capacitor bank have been discussed thoroughly for deeper
understanding. It also described application capacitor bank at site for more
10
understanding. In Chapter 3, the techniques for detecting failure of capacitor unit are
discussed including modeling of the circuits and the formulas. In Chapter 4, the
circuit modeled in PSCAD software for simulation meanwhile in Chapter 5 more
discussed on result and the discussion. In Chapter 6, it is the project conclusion and
recommendation for future works.
97
REFERENCES
1. Jerry C. Whitetaker, “AC Power Systems Handbook”, CRC Press, page 49-92,
2007.
2. Math H.J Bolten, Irene Y.H Gu, “Signal Processing of Power Quality
Disturbance”, IEEE Press, page 41-60, 2006.
3. Terrace Smith, “Determining Setting for Capacitor Bank System Protection”,
GE Digital Energy/Multilin, IEEE Press., 2010
4. B. Kasztenny, D. McGinn, I. Voloh, “Enhanced Adaptive Protection Method for
Capacitor Banks”, IEEE Press., 2006
5. Gustavo Brunellio, ”Shunt Capacitor Bank Fundamentals and Protection” IEEE
Press., 2003
6. Theodore R. Bosela,”Electrical System Design”, page 200-230, 1994
7. B. Kasztenny, Joe Scahefer, Ed Clark, “Fundamentals of Adaptive Protection of
Large Capacitor Bank”, Presented to the 60th Annual Georgia Technical
Protective Relay Conference, May 3-5,2006
8. IEEE Std. C37.99-2000, “Guide for the Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks”,
June 2000.
9. Hadi Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, Mc Graw-Hill, 1999
10. Theodore Wildi. “Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power System 5th Edition”,
Prentice Hall, 2001
11. IEEE Std. 18-2002, “IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors”
98
12. Peter H. Thiel (A), John E.Harder(F), George E.Taylor, ”Fuseless Capacitor
Banks”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 2002
13. TNBT Engineering, “Unbalance Current for Calculation Capacitor Bank”,
2008
14. Martin Bishop, Tim Day, Arvind Chaudhary, “A primer on Capacitor Bank
Protection”, IEEE Press., 2000
15. Satish Samineni, Casper Labuschagne, Jeff Pope, ”Principles of Shunt Capacitor
Bank Application and Protection”, IEEE, 2010
16. Randy Horton, Ted Warren, Karl Fender, Steven Harry, Charles A. Gross,
”Unbalance Protection of Fuseless, Split Wye, Grounded, Shunt Capacitor
Banks”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.17, No 3, July 2002
17. IEEE Std. 824-2004, “IEEE Standard for Series Power Capacitors”