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Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR)
(an upcoming accelerator centre at Darmstadt, Germany)
Subhasis Chattopadhyay
VECC-Kolkata &
Bose Institute, Kolkata
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B3 Direction Frankfurt
B3 direction Darmstadt
Construction road
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107 Bohrium (Bh) Niels Bohr, (1981) December 1997 108 Hassium (Hs) German State of Hesse, March 14, 1984 December 1997 109 Meitnerium (Mt) Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist, theoretical description of nuclear fission August 29, 1982 December 1997 110 Darmstadtium (Ds) Darmstadt, location of GSI
November 9, 1994 ,August 2003
111 Roentgenium (Rg) Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, December 8, 1994 November 2004 112 Copernicium (Cn) Nikolaus Kopernikus, February 9, 1996 February 2010
Elements discovered at GSI-Darmstadt , Germany
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FAIR: Construction Field
4
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FAIR: A reality in 2025
5 Sweden France India Finland Germany Poland UK Romania Russia Slovenia
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Timeline-I
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Timeline-II
LEP 2009: LHC 2025: FAIR
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Cockcroft-Walton accelerator installation at
the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge
April 14, 1932
Nobel prize to Cockroft and Walton in 1951 for disintegrating the Li nucleus
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Cyclotron
Courtsey : Mandelkern, CERN
Linear accelerator
Electrostatic accelerator Synchrotron
Courtsey : Mandelkern, CERN
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CELLS Twenty
per mm
DNA Five hundred
thousand
per mm
Nucleus
Five hundred
billion
per mm
Quarks More than one
million billion
per mm
Extra
magnification?
x 2 thousand
x 25 thousand
x 1 million
Electron
microscope
Particle Accelerators
2 fm
< 1 am
50 μm
2 nm
Microscope
LHC fm=10-15m
am=10-18m
VECC
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Do we really need High energy?
l = h / p (de Broglie, 1924)
where h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
p = momentum of protons
Particle energies are measured in electron-volts (eV).
1 eV is the amount of energy an electron gains when it
moves through an electric field of one volt.
So CERN dug out Million tons of earth just to smash tiny particles
(Angels and demons)
Volts Size probed (meters) 1000,000 (Mega)
0.000 000 000 000 1 (10-3 nm)
7000,000,000,000 (7 trillion Volts-LHC)
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 01 (10-20 m)
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World Wide Inventory of Accelerators in 2007 Total ~28,000 ~ 35,000 (2012)
Total number of industrial accelerators sold world wide (excluding medical accelerators)
~18700
Total number of medical accelerator installed world wide ~9100
Ref: Robert W. Hamm, Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology, Vol. 1 (2008) 163-184. World Scientific.
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ATLAS
ALICE
CMS
LHC-B
Pt-1
Pt-2
Pt-5
Pt-8
The LHC and its experiments …
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2013 Physics Higgs, Englart Higgs discovery
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Today’s accelerators: International mega-science
STAR ALICE TDRs
Rutherford
VECC expt
WA98
ALICE has 100 institutes, 1000 authors
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FAIR – International Cooperation
• Realization and operation in international cooperation
• Ten international partners own the company
• More than 53 countries participate in the experiments
• Participation of 3.000 scientists from all continents
20
Shareholder
Collaborations
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Ring accelerator SIS100
Production of new atomic nuclei
Production of antiprotons
Collector ring
Antiproton ring
Linear accelerator
Ring accelerator
100
meters
Existing facility
Planned facility
Experiments
• 1012/s; 1.5 GeV/u; 238U28+
• 1010/s 238U92+ up to 35 GeV/u
• 3x1013/s 90 GeV protons
• radioactive beams
• 1011 antiprotons 1.5 - 15 GeV/c,
stored and cooled
• radioactive beams up to
1.5 - 2 GeV/u; up to factor 10000
higher in intensity than presently
• antiprotons 3 - 30 GeV
• cooled beams
• rapid cycling superconducting magnets
• dynamical vacuum
Facility for Antiproton & Ion Research Primary Beams
Secondary Beams
Storage and Cooler Rings
Technical Challenges
21
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Physics at FAIR
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T[K]
1 TeV 1016
1 GeV 1013
1 MeV 1010
1 KeV 107
1 eV 104
1 meV 10
10-12 10-6 1 106 1012 1018 t[s]
Parlicles Nuclei
Atoms
Today 13.7 bln y. later
FAIR – QCD research programs (Quantum Chromodynamics
FAIR Research Indian proposed participation in 7
Experiments out of total 14
The evolution of the universe
2
3
FAIR – APPA research programs (Atomic ,Plasma Physics and Applications)
FAIR – NUSTAR research programs (Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Reactions
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The FAIR Modularized Start Version
Experiments
M0: APPA (Atomic Physics Plasma
and Applications)
M1: CBM (Compressed Baryonic Matter)
M2: NUSTAR (Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Reactions)
M3: PANDA
M0
M1
M2 M3
SIS100
24
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FAIR Experiments
APPA
25
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APPA: Atomic Physics, Plasma Physics, Bio Physics and Applied Sciences
Bio Physics
&
Materials
Science (BIOMAT)
Atomic
Physics (SPARC &
FLAIR)
Plasma
Physics (Hedgehob
& WDM)
High intensity beams stopped inside a target produce plasma
of extreme density (similar to the core of planets)
• Equation of state, phase transitions, transport phenomena
• Matter under high pressure
• Interaction of ions and photons with plasma
Dynamic electric fields (upto 1020 V/cm) produced in collisions of
heavy ion beams give access to
• Spectroscopy upto the limits of atomic matter
• QED in non-perturbative regime
• Precision determination of fundamental constants
• Infuence of atomic structure on nuclear decay properties
High intensity beams will be used on bio and material targets to
access:
• Cosmic radiation study: A hindrance in space
• Cancer therapy
• Material modifications, radiation hardness
• High-pressure irradiation 26
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APPA Cave
HESR
Cold Relativistic Heavy Ions
CRYRING Cold High-
to Low- +
Energy
Heavy Ions
ESR
Later Anti-Protons
The APPA experimental facilities at FAIR
27
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Example APPA Science:
Biophysics and Materials Research at FAIR
Biophysics Materials Research
Space radiation biophysics
Biological effects of very high
energetic ions
Shielding measures: new
materials
Particle therapy: “theranostics”
(use of high energetic proton beams for
simultaneous diagnostics and therapy)
Ion-matter interaction at highest energies
and highest charge states
Materials behavior under extreme
conditions (high flux irradiations)
Irradiations under multiple
extremes (high pressure,
temperature, dose)
Radiation hardness of accelerator and
spacecraft components
28
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Health and medical therapy
Breakthroughs in medical research
29
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FAIR Experiments
NuSTAR
Super-FRS
APPA
30
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Example NUSTAR Science:
Synthesis of the chemical elements
• Unique particle accelerator facility
Where and how were the heavy elements made in the universe?
31
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Example NUSTAR Science:
Synthesis of the chemical elements
• Unique particle accelerator facility
Where and how were the heavy elements made in the universe?
32
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Halos
Neutron Skins Neutron stars Pygmy Resonance
EOS
33
Combine accurate nuclear physics with
precision astronomy to constrain
astrophysical scenarios
33
NuSTAR: Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics, Reactions
FAIR will provide unique access to many nuclei
relevant in explosive nucleosynthesis
Quest for the limits of existence
• Halos, Few Body Correlations
• Changing shell structure far away from stability
• Skins, new collective modes, nuclear matter, neutron stars
• Origin of the elements
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Detector cell for BC501A liquid
Light Guide
After light guide and Photomultiplier Tube coupling
After assembly
Neutron detector for Nustar experiment (Indian contribution)
Proto-type detector with photonis PMT XP4512B
Neutrons
gamma
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FAIR Experiments
PANDA NuSTAR
Super-FRS
APPA
35
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Key Questions of Hadron Physics
36
• how does confinement work?
• how is the mass of hadrons generated?
• do also non-qq or non-qqq hadrons exist and where are they?
• what is the interplay of hadron and quark-gluon degrees of freedom?
_
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Anti-Proton Annihilation @ DA
• Luminosity up to L~ 2x1032 cm-2s-1
• Stochastic & electron cooling • Resolution ~50 keV • Tune ECM to scan resonance • Get precise m and Γ
HESR: High-Energy Storage Ring
37
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FAIR Experiments
CBM
PANDA NuSTAR
Super-FRS
APPA
38
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States of strongly interacting matter
baryons hadrons partons
Compression + heating = quark-gluon matter (pion production)
Neutron stars Early universe
PbPb collisions at LHC
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Courtesy of K. Fukushima & T. Hatsuda
Probing the QCD diagram at very high T and ρB 0 (early universe): ALICE, ATLAS, CMS at LHC STAR, PHENIX at top RHIC energies
Probing the QCD diagram at moderate T and very high ρB (neutron star): BES at RHIC, NA61 at CERN SPS, CBM at FAIR, MPD at NICA, J-PARC, NA60+ 40
Exploring the QCD phase diagram
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Courtesy of K. Fukushima & T. Hatsuda
Exploring the QCD phase diagram
Baryon density
in central Au+Au
collisions
SIS100
41 time [fm/c]
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Equation-of-state: Non-local SU(3) NJL with vector coupling M. Orsaria, H. Rodrigues, F. Weber, G.A. Contrera, arXiv:1308.1657
Quark matter in massive neutron stars?
42
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Messengers from the dense fireball: CBM at FAIR
UrQMD transport calculation Au+Au 10.7 A GeV
Ξ-, Ω-, φ
ρ → e+e-, μ+μ-
p, Λ, Ξ+, Ω+ π, K, Λ, ...
resonance decays
ρ → e+e-, μ+μ- ρ → e+e-, μ+μ-
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Particle multiplicity x branching ratio for min. bias Au+Au collisions at 25 A GeV (from HSD and thermal model)
SPS Pb+Pb 30 A GeV STAR Au+Au sNN=7.7 GeV
Experimental challenges
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nuclear matter equation of state search for phase transition, phase coexistence, exotic phases onset of Chiral symmetry restoration hypernuclei, strange matter
CBM:Exploring QCD matter at neutron star core densities (> 5 ρ0)
45
New physics insights by “pushing” interactions rates up to 10 MHz
optimized for precision measurements of rare probes (hyperons, hypernuclei, dileptons, charm)
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Dipole
magnet
Ring Imaging
Cherenkov
Detector
Transition
Radiation
Detector
Resistive Plate
Chambers
(TOF) Electro-
magnetic
Calorimeter
(parking
position)
Silicon
Tracking
System
Muon Detection System
(parking position)
Projectile
Spectator
Detector Vertex
Detector
HADES
The Compressed Baryonic Matter Experiment
46
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• 105 - 107 Au+Au reactions/sec
• determination of (displaced) vertices (σ 50 m)
• identification of leptons and hadrons
• fast and radiation hard detectors
• free-streaming readout electronics
• high speed data acquisition and high performance computer farm for online event selection
• 4-D event reconstruction
CBM experimental challenges
47
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Forefront Technologies
• Technological advancements in high-performance & scientific
computing, Big Data, Green IT
48
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Hyperons from Au+Au 25 AGeV
1M central events
49
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Di-lepton invariant mass spectra for central Au+Au collisions at 25 A GeV
50
Talk: C. Höhne Posters: T. Mahmoud J. Kopfer C. Pauli E. Lebedeva A. K. Dubey
Detector systems: STS, RICH+TRD or MUCH, ToF
e+e-
μ+μ-
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no particle identification by
time-of-flight
D0 Kπππ
D0 Kπππ
D Kππ
D Kππ
30 GeV p + C (SIS100)
Au+Au 25 A GeV (SIS300)
D-meson production
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GEM Detector Development at VECC
52
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CBM detector and DAQ prototypes
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Diamond
TRD
TOF
MUCH
DAQ
The strong Indian collaboration is evident in this group photo
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Forefront Technologies
• Applications in accelerator science, detector instrumentation,
materials research, radiation biology, therapy
Paolo Giubellino, FAIR GmbH, India 12.10.2017
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India: Construction of Accelerator
components
55
Signature Ceremony First Power Converter Contract
Cross-sectional view of actual coaxial cable
• Power Converters: 600 pieces (HEBT, SIS100, S-
FRS)
– Provider: ECIL, Hyderabad
• Vacuum chambers beam diagnostics: 68 pieces
– Provider: I-Design, Pune
• S-FRS LEB (low energy branch) superconducting
magnets:
– Provider: VECC Kolkata
• Beam Catcher (primary beam dump) systems for
S-FRS
– Provider: CMERI Durgapur
– Design: by CMERI
• Coaxial Power Cables
(magnet <-> p.c. connection, all machines)
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First components from India
India
Power Converters from ECIL
the first in-kind contributions from India
Paolo Giubellino, FAIR GmbH, India 12.10.2017
56
1st contract signing ceremony: ECIL
Beam catcher for
FAIR designed at
CMERI Durgapur
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Beam stopper
Structural Frame • Dimensions (LxBxH): 2838mm x 860mm x 3350mm • BC1, BC2 and BC3 frames are identical Vacuum Cavity • Dimensions (LxBxH): 1600mm x 600mm x 2520mm
BC1, BC2, BC3 Cavity Dimensions
Transverse section view Longitudinal section
view
BC3 Top Plug Assy (≈7.0t)
Hook Sub-Assy
Vertical drive Sub-Assy
Linear Drive Motor
(Radiation hardened)
Shie
ldin
g B
lock
Su
b-A
ssy
Metal Absorber (slow extraction)
Graphite Absorber (fast extraction)
18
10
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Integrated Project Time Schedule – Level 1:
FAIR Buildings, Accelerators & Experiments
FAIR
Buildings
7/2017 –
12/2022
FAIR
Acc. &
Exp.
Install.
and
commiss.
w/o
beam
1/2021 -
8/2024
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Excavation for the large
Synchrotron Tunnel
12 September 2017
19 September 2017
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FAIR Project Progress – Civil Construction
SIS 18: Retaining wall at SIS 18
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FAIR Project Progress – Civil Construction
SIS 18 in direction of pLinac : Preparation of western transfer channel (WTK)
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FAIR Project Progress – Civil Construction
62
SIS 18: Preparation table construction - reinforced concrete beams
Paolo Giubellino, FAIR GmbH, India 12.10.2017
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Impression from construction area
63
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APPA: Sophisticated & Versatile Instrumentation
64
Observables: Photons, electrons, positrons, ions
Targets 4D Position-sensitive solid-state detectors High-resolution spectrometers
Particle detectors Particle spectrometers High pressure cell
Traps X-ray optics, channel-cut crystals Laser systems
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Ion Catcher LEB-MATS/LASPEC
O-TPC: discovered b-delayed
3p-emission of 31Ar
GADAST prototype measurements at S2 Full integrated S2 fiber tracker Simulations for a
pion detector
integrated at S2
Backward-angle neutron
detector for tensor-force
experiments
NUSTAR: Novel detectors developed for FAIR
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PAN
DA
– D
etec
tor
Pro
gres
s PANDA: Straw Tube Tracker
Detector Layout 4600 straws in 21-27 layers, of which 8 layers skewed at ~3° Tube made of 27 µm thin Al-mylar, Ø=1cm Rin= 150 mm, Rout= 420 mm, l=1500 mm Self-supporting straw double layers at ~1 bar overpressure (Ar/CO2) Readout with ASIC+TDC or FADC
Material Budget Max. 26 layers, 0.05 % X/X0 per layer Total 1.3% X/X0
Project Status 3000 Straws produced Readout prototypes and beam tests Ageing tests: up to 1.2 C/cm2
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India-NUSTAR collaboration
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai Variable Energy Cyclotron Center, Kolkata Inter University Accelerator Center, New Delhi Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee University of Delhi, New Delhi University of Calcutta, Kolkata Punjab University, Chandigarh Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah Karnatak University, Dharwa Guwahati University
Continuation of activities at VECC,
IUAC and TIFR accelerator centres
India-CBM collaboration Aligarh Muslim Univ. Panjab Univ. Rajasthan Univ. Univ. of Jammu Univ. of Kashmir Univ. of Calcutta B.H. Univ. Varanasi VECC Kolkata SINP Kolkata IOP Bhubaneswar IIT Kharagpur Gowhati Univ. Bose-Institute, Kolkata North Bengal Univ, WB
India-PANDA collaboration (EOI) BARC-Mumbai (NPD) IIT Mumbai SINP- Kolkata VECC- Kolkata IIT Indore IIT- Gowhati Pune university AMU Aligarh South Gujarat Univ. NIT Jalandhar MSU Vadodara Magadh University TIFR- Mumbai
+ Industrial participation
Indian participation (Experiments) (41 groups)
Motivation of our participation is to take part in advanced scientific and technological activities
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Are you interested??
• Training and education of the next
generation of scientists, engineers
and computing experts from all over
the world:
– Graduate Schools with currently more
than 300 doctoral students from all over
the world
– International Postdoc Programs
– Multiple training programs for students
– Bilateral Agreements with several
countries for training and education of
young scientists and engineers
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Initiative – International Students New initiative called GET_INvolved program
for International students and early stage
researchers has been ongoing.
Goals:
Opportunity to perform Internships or
Traineeships and early research experience
in FAIR
Creating synergies between collaborating
Universities and advance technical institutes
by allowing – mobility opportunities
To get young researchers skilled within the
framework of the project
First promising and successful initiatives
Member countries: India, Poland, Romania
Non-member countries: Azerbaijan, China,
Mexico, Thailand and Turkey
First three Students (2 Indians) have
successfully accomplished a dedicated
internship and training experience from
our new program
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• An world laboratory coming up for studying the universe, past and present
• India is a member state with a significant contributions both science and technology
• Young minds are welcome to join the journey