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Conservation of functional diversity in temperate and tropical agricultural
landscapes: patterns and mechanisms at farm and landscape scales.
Fabrice DeClerck, CATIE Costa Rica Margie Mayfield, University of Queensland - Australia
Stacy Philpott, University of Toledo - USA
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The questions
Does land use intensification reduce functional diversity?
Does it matter?
What about response diversity and/or ecological redundancy?
… if yes, erosion of ecosystem function, and resilience to environmental change.
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Live Fence
Forest
Landuse Intensity
[ ]
PastureLow tree density
2°Forest
PastureHigh Tree Density
Sanchez et al
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Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS
Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS
Does land use intensification reduce functional diversity?
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How is functional diversity lost with intensification?
Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS
71 Species Total
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What is functional redundancy within
taxonomic groups with land use change?
Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS
Forest Fragment: 25 extinct
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Live Fence: 41 extinctForest Fragment: 25 extinct
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Live Fence: 41 extinctForest Fragment: 25 extinct
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Live Fence: 41 extinctForest Fragment: 25 extinct Pasture: 64 extinct
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Functional Diversity Decreases with landuse Intensity
Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS
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Ecological redundancy
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• Redundancy = number of species within a functional group• High redundancy = high resilience to environmental change• Why? compensatory responses
Functionalgroups 1 to 6
Group 6: higherredundancy& resilience
Group 6: lowerredundancy& resilience
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Costa Rica728(3)
Nicaragua240(2)
Quebec243 (1)
New Zealand54(1)
Australian RF1028 (4)
China453 (2)
USA, NC 38(1)
Australian WL52(1)
Portugual110 (1)
Laos 53(1)
Study Sites, Species Richness (landscapes)
± 3000 species; 17 landscapes; 17 functional traits
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Functional trait Effect ResponseSpecific leaf area (SLA) XWood density XGrowth form XHeight XLeaf phenology X XNutrient uptake strategy X XPhotosynthetic pathway X XRaunkiaer life form XClonality XDispersal mode XLeaf size XMaximum propagule longevity XPhysical defense XPollination syndrome XResprouting ability XSeed mass XLifespan X
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a) Species in effect trait space
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a) Species in effect trait space
b) Functional effect groups
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2
3
4
5
6
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a) Species in effect trait space
b) Functional effect groups
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Nat
ura
lS
emi-
nat
ura
lL
ow
-in
ten
sity
agri
cult
ura
lH
igh
-in
ten
sity
agri
cult
ura
l
c) Species in each land use
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a) Species in effect trait space
b) Functional effect groups
1
2
3
4
5
6
Nat
ura
lS
emi-
nat
ura
lL
ow
-in
ten
sity
agri
cult
ura
lH
igh
-in
ten
sity
agri
cult
ura
l
c) Species in each land use
e) Spearmanρbetween land use intensity and response
diversity
Res
po
nse
div
ersi
ty
Land use intensity
ρ = -0.9
d) Functional dispersion (response diversity) for
each effect group in each land use
Effect size formeta-analysis
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Correlation coefficientr
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Nicaragua (Matiguas)Australia sub-tropics 1Nicaragua (Rivas)Australia WT (Atherton)China (Hainan lowland)USA (North Carolina)New ZealandAustralia sub-tropics 2Costa Rica (La Palma)China (Hainan montane)Australia WL (NSW)PortugalCosta Rica (Las Cruces)LaosQuebecAustralia WT (Tully)Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez)
Summaryr = -0.22
p = 0.0003
Redundancy decreases with land use intensification
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Conclusions• Land use intensification leads to lower functional diversity, function and redundancy
• Can agroforestry sytstems be better managed to maintain this functional diversity and redundnacy?
•Can we eco-engineer agroforestry system with multifunctionality, and multifunctional redundancy?
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function In Managed Landscapes
THANKS!