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Extra-terrestrial life:Extra-terrestrial life:Is there anybody out there?Is there anybody out there?
Dr Martin HendryUniversity of Glasgow
Reach for the Stars
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Is there Anybody Out There?
Extra-Solar Planets
Life in the Solar System?
Searching for Life
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Life in the Solar System
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Runaway Greenhouse Effect
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Formation of the Moon: Impact from Mars-sized planetesimal during first aeon.
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Impact energy = 1 million million megatons
5 billion cubic miles of the crust sprayed into space
Atmosphere ejected into space
Ring of ejecta coalesces into Moon
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Is there life on Mars?…Is there life on Mars?…
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Is there life on Mars?…Is there life on Mars?…
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Mars 2004:Mars 2004: Mars Express ( + Beagle 2)
Spirit + Opportunity
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Jan 23rd 2004:
Mars Express Orbiter detects water ice at the South Pole of Mars.
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Jan 23rd 2004:
Mars Express Orbiter detects water ice at the South Pole of Mars.
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Jan 23rd 2004:
Mars Express Orbiter detects water ice at the South Pole of Mars.
H2O CO2 Visible light
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Water on Mars
Images suggest flowing water on Mars in the past
Mars Earth
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2mm
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The moons of The moons of JupiterJupiter
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Isaac Newton:1642 – 1727 AD
The Principia: 1684 - 1686
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The tidal pull of the Moon on the Earth
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Galileo’s Moons
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Inside Europa
Could there be life?…..
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The stars are VERY far away. The nearest star (after the Sun) is about 40 million million km from the Earth. It takes light more than 4 years to travel this distance..
If the distance from the Earth to the Sun were the width of this screen, the nearest star would be in Paris !!!!
EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETSEXTRA-SOLAR PLANETS
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Wobbling stars: the key to finding extra-solar planets
Planets and stars orbit their common centre of mass
Planets are too faint to see directly
- so stars wobble
but
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The Sun’s “wobble”, due to Jupiter, seen from 30 light years away = width of a 5p piece in Baghdad
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The ElectromagneticSpectrum
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Doppler Shift Doppler Shift
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Star
Laboratory
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The origin of spectral lines
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Absorption
e -
e -
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Emission
e - e -
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Star
Laboratory
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51 Peg – the first new planet
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What have we learned about exoplanets?Highly active, and rapidly changing, field
Aug 2000: 29 exoplanets
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What have we learned about exoplanets?Highly active, and rapidly changing, field
Aug 2000: 29 exoplanets
2004: ~120 exoplanets
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What have we learned about exoplanets?Highly active, and rapidly changing, field
Aug 2000: 29 exoplanets
Up-to-date summary at
http://www.exoplanets.org
Now finding planets at larger orbital semimajor axis 2004: ~120 exoplanets
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1. The Doppler wobble technique will not be sensitive enough to
detect Earth-type planets (i.e. Earth mass at 1 A.U.), but will
continue to detect more massive planets
Looking to the Future
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1. The Doppler wobble technique will not be sensitive enough to
detect Earth-type planets (i.e. Earth mass at 1 A.U.), but will
continue to detect more massive planets
2. The ‘position wobble’ (astrometric) technique will detect Earth-type planets – Space Interferometry Mission in 2009
(already done with HST in Dec 2002 for a 2 x Jupiter-mass planet)
Looking to the Future
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Looking to the Future
1. The Doppler wobble technique will not be sensitive enough to
detect Earth-type planets (i.e. Earth mass at 1 A.U.), but will
continue to detect more massive planets
2. The ‘position wobble’ (astrometric) technique will detect Earth-type planets – Space Interferometry Mission in 2009
(already done with HST in Dec 2002 for a 2 x Jupiter-mass planet)
3. The Kepler mission (launch 2007?) will detect transits of Earth-type planets, by observing the brightness dip of
stars
(already done in 2000 with Keck for a 0.5 x Jupiter-mass planet)
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1. The Doppler wobble technique will not be sensitive enough to
detect Earth-type planets (i.e. Earth mass at 1 A.U.), but will
continue to detect more massive planets
2. The ‘position wobble’ (astrometric) technique will detect Earth-type planets – Space Interferometry Mission in 2009
(already done with HST in Dec 2002 for a 2 x Jupiter-mass planet)
3. The Kepler mission (launch 2007?) will detect transits of Earth-type planets, by observing the brightness dip of
stars
(already done in 2000 with Keck for a 0.5 x Jupiter-mass planet)
Looking to the Future
There was a (rare) transit of Mercury on May 7th 2003, and a (very rare) transit of Venus on June 8th 2004
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4. NASA: Terrestrial Planet Finder ESA: Darwin
Looking to the Future
}~ 2015 launch
These missions plan to use nulling interferometry to ‘blot out’ the light of the parent star, revealing Earth-mass planets
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4. NASA: Terrestrial Planet Finder ESA: Darwin
Looking to the Future
}~ 2015 launch
These missions plan to use nulling interferometry to ‘blot out’ the light of the parent star, revealing Earth-mass planets
Follow-up spectroscopy will search for signatures of life:-Spectral lines of oxygen, watercarbon dioxide in atmosphere
Simulated ‘Earth’ from 30 light years
ESP
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What will TPF look for?….
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Earth from 30 lyrs
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Is there anybody out there?….Is there anybody out there?….
…….if there isn’t, it seems.if there isn’t, it seems a terrible waste of space !!!!a terrible waste of space !!!!