Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components
Framing/Construction TechniquesFraming/Construction Techniques
General Terms & Methodology Platform Framing Balloon Framing Energy-Efficient Framing Post & Beam(Timber) Steel Framing Concrete Masonry Construction Floor Framing Terms Wall Framing Terms Exterior Finishes
General Exterior Wall Construction
Walls support vertical loads from– roof– ceiling– floors
Must also resist later forces due to– wind– earthquakes
Typical Wall Construction
One and two story framing– Generally walls are 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.– Occasionally 2” x 6” @ 16”, 19.2” and 24”
O.C. associated with cold climates Three story framing(load bearing walls)
– lower floor = 2” x 6” @ 16” O.C.– other floors = 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.
PlatformFraming
Foundation
Sill
Floor Joist
Girder
Subfloor
“Platform Framing”
Dbl PlateBlocking
Sway Bracing
Rafteror Truss
1. Also called Western Framing
2. Most common today
3. Platform provide area to build walls
Sheathing
Ledger
(corner bracing)
Floor Joist
Ceiling Joist
BalloonFraming
Two story length studs
1. Studs extend from sill to roof line2. Also called Eastern FramingEastern Framing3. Terms similar to
Platform Framing.
4. Additional Terms: Ribbon Ribbon FirestopFirestop
Balloon Framing
Balloon Framing Terms
Ribbon Firestop
Balloon Framing
Used primarily for 2 story construction Less chance of shrinkage or movement
– recommended for masonry veneer & stucco 2nd floor supported by wall with
– let-in 1x4 called a ribbon Less overall material Longer members usually more costly Firestop blocking and ribbons required
Framing Construction at Corners
Two studs and dry wall clips (see class sample)
3 full studs–good with super insulated buildings
3 full studs and blocking
3 full studs and 1/2” shim
Energy-Efficient Framing Advanced framing techniques (AFT) Altering traditional framing methods
– see text for examples Eliminate nonstructural wood with insulation
(Wood = R1/inch, Insulation = R3.5 to R8.3/inch)– insulation at corners, insulation at exterior wall behind
partition intersections, and insulated headers Stud spacing (24” OC) One level height limitation set by code Structural insulated panels (SIP)
Post &Beam(Timber)
1. Relatively new and less common in residential construction
2. Larger members placed further apart
3. Used in heavy timber construction for years
post
beam
Beam and Posttypically 8’ OC
T&G planks2x6 or 2x8
Post &Beam Construction
Provides vaulted (sloped) ceilings and a more open feeling in the space
T
Post and Beam Framing using Tongue & Groove Planking Used for Roof or Floor when structure is space 24” or more O.C.
Steel Framing Alternate method of
framing– lower energy cost– higher strength– better insurance rates
and considerations Similar to platform
framing in construction– steel studs– base/plates– steel trusses
Concrete Masonry Construction Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
– durable, economical material, excellent structural values, poor insulation values
Classifications– hollow– load bearing (ASTM C 90)– solid load-bearing– nonload-bearing (solid or hollow)
Solid Masonry = 75% solid material in cross-section– positions: solider, rowlock, sailor, stretcher, header shiner
Concrete Masonry Shapes
Solid Masonry (Brick) Positions
Structural Components Floor Systems
– conventional framing (Stick Built)– terminology
Floor Bracing– Mid span– End bracing
Framed Wall Construction– bearing walls– nonbearing walls– exterior finishes
Conventional Floor Framing
Conventional (Stick) framing basic terms– mud sill– sole plate(sill)– floor joist– rim joist– anchor bolt
Floor Joist– Solid– TJI– Open web
Floor Bracing
End Bracing– Rim Joist– Blocking
Floor Bracing
Bracing at midspan– solid blocking– cross blocking
» wood
» metal
Framed Wall Construction
Definition: Bearing walls
Definition: Nonbearing walls
Window/Door Framing Terms
Header– supports structure
above windows
Header Jack (trimmer)– supports header
Cripple Studs (jack stud) Double Plate Rough Sill(sub sill) King stud
– additional stud to trim out window
Double PlateCripple Studor Jack Stud
Header
Header Jack or Trimmer
Framed Wall Construction Shear Wall Design
Resistance to lateral forces resulting from earthquakes or wind
Connections:– 1 sheathing to joist– 2 joist to top wall– 3 edge nailing– 4 tie-down straps– 5 anchor/shear bolts
Exterior Finishes
Wood Siding Cement Board Siding Steel Siding Vinyl Siding Stucco Exterior Insulation Finish System (EIFS)
Wood Siding
Various sizes and Shapes– Solid wood– T1-11(plywood)
» 4’x8’ sheets
– Masonnite Lapboard
» 8-12” x 16’
Cement Board Siding
Has texture and look of wood siding but is more weather resistant.
Steel & Vinyl Siding Higher in Cost and Lower in Maintenance
– no painting A variety of wood textures and patterns Longer lasting than wood but some Concerns:
– expansion– denting– cracking– rusting
Cement Stucco
Least expensive
building paper
wire fabric lath
furring nails
drip screed
sheathing vs. open frame
3 coats of plaster
brownfinish
scratch
Exterior Insulated Finish System (EIFS)
Roof Construction Basic terms:
– slope/pitch--incline of roof– roof member terms--structure of roof– eave/cornice--detail showing wall to roof const– fascia--visible member attached to end of rafters– ridge--top of roof– sheathing--material covering the top of rafters– rafter/ceiling joist--structure framing of roof– soffit--underneath side of roof overhang– vents--in soffit, allows air circulation in attic
Eave and Cornice Detail Terms
Slope vs. Pitch Slope = Rise/Run
– expressed as a ratio– always a base of 12– placed on dwg. 12
4
Slope symbol
Text book error (noted as pitch symbol)
•Pitch = Rise/Span• expressed as fraction• reduce to smallest
fraction• not placed on drawing,
helpful to carpenter
Roof Member Terminology
VALLEY JACK RAFTER
Metal Framing Connectors•Keeps structural members from separating