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Exploration, Encounters, and Imperialism
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Key ThemesMovement of People and Goods
How did global trade patterns change 1400s – 1700s?
Science and TechnologyWhat types of technology allowed Western Europe to explore the oceans?
InterdependenceWhat motives did Europeans have for establishing colonies b/t 1500 and 1700?
ChangeWhat major changes did the European expansion bring to peoples around the world?
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Eve of Exploration
Reconquista and Expulsions
Reasons for European Exploration
Impact of TechnologyThe Printing Press
Gunpowder
Naval Technology
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Reconquista and ExpulsionsMarriage of Ferdinand and Isabella create a powerful Spanish kingdom
1492: Ferdinand and Isabella force the Muslims out of Spain
In order to create religious unity, Isabella launches brutal crusade against Muslims and Jews who refuse to convert to Christianity
Many people killed and 150,000 forced into exile
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Reasons for European Explorations
Trade between Europe and Asia disrupted by Ottoman control of the Eastern Mediterranean
1400s: seeking to gain Asian spices, Europeans reopen global trade links
Italian and Muslim control of Mediterranean trade keeps prices high on product
To gain direct access to Asian trade, Portugal and Spain look for new oceanic routes
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Impact of TechnologyThe Printing Press
Books enable Europeans to access new ideas and information including geography
GunpowderArabs bring gunpowder to Europe in 1200s. Allows Europeans to advance military weapons.Portuguese equip ships w/ cannons
Naval TechnologyMapmakers (cartographers) create better mapsInvention of magnetic compass, astrolabe and better ships
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The Caravel
Use of multiple masts was pioneeredby the Chinese
Triangular lateensail allowed the ship tosail into the wind
The deep-sea rudder posted on the stern helped stabilize theship.
The sails were made of different weights of clothdepending on the type of wind
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Naval Technology
Magnetic Compass:No matter where you stand on Earth, you can hold a compass in your hand and it will point toward the North Pole.
Astrolabe:Are used to show how the sky looks at a specific place at a given time. This is done by drawing the sky on the face of the astrolabe and marking it so positions in the sky are easy to find.
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Early Voyages of Discovery
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The Motives
European had long been attracted to Asia
An economic motive thus looms large in European expansion
Religious Zeal: A crusading spirit
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Access to Asia
Long history of early explorers fascinated many
Ottoman Empire blocks access
Spices and other precious items
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Economic MotiveMerchants, adventurers and government officials had high hopes of finding precious metals & expanding trade
Spices were needed to keep foods from rotting and to add flavor to meals
European wanted a larger share of wealth dominated by Muslims
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Religious Zeal
Portugal & Spain had driven the Muslims out.
Motivated to increase the faith and save souls.
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Spiritual and Secular Affairs Are Closely Connected
Adventurers like Cortez want to convert the natives to ChristianitySpirit of adventure, glory and grandeur play a major roleReligion justifies and provide the moral approval of material conquest
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Development of Maritime EmpirePortugal takes the lead in exploration on Prince HenryPortuguese begin to probe the coasts of AfricaFirst slaves are brought back to EuropeNew source of gold discovered along the “Gold Coast” Diaz, the first to round the Cape of Good HopeVasco de Gamma establishes the direct route to India and returns with great wealth
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Development of Maritime EmpirePortuguese return every year to destroy Muslim shipping1508: Portuguese armada defeat Turkish and Indian shipsPortuguese create a land base in Goa (India)Portuguese expand their range to Malacca (Indonesia)
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Voyages to the New World
In order to avoid the Portuguese, Spain sails westwardThe Spanish have larger population and more resources. They establish an empire that was far grander and different from the PortugueseChristopher Columbus is the individual who leads the way west.
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Christopher ColumbusPersuades Spain to finance exploratory expedition in 1492
Explores coastline of Cuba and Hispaniola
Sails a total of four times searching for India route
Calls the islands of the Caribbean “The Indies”
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Exploration RaceJohn Cabot
Pedro Cabral
Amerigo Vespucci
European call the territories explored “The New World
Opportunity for conquest and exploitation
1494: The Treaty of Tordesillas
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The Spanish EmpireConquistadores: Spanish conquerors
Blend of glory, greed and religious zealFirearms, weapons and determination = successCortez gains control of Northern MexicoPizarro gains control of IncasDisease aids conquest
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The Spanish EmpireThe Encomienda
• Isabella declares Indios her subjects
• This allows settlers the right to use natives as laborers
• In return, settlers were to protect natives
• Holders of encomiendas ignored the policy
• Brutal treatment of natives for economic gain
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Impact of Spanish Empire
Forced labor, starvation and disease takes toll on natives
Haiti: 100,000 natives dwindle to 300 from 1493 to 1570
Mexico: 25 million to 3 million from 1500 to 1570
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Impact of Spanish EmpireCatholic Pope gives Spain control of religion in New WorldSpain can appoint officials, collect fees and supervise affairsCatholic monks converted and baptized hundreds of thousands of Indians
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Impact of European Expansion
Native Civilizations destroyed Old social/political structures replaced by European system of government, religion, language and culture
Increased the wealth of European nationGold and Silver
The Columbian Exchange increases Capitalism and Mercantilism
European rivalry deepened and increased tension among European states
• Spain and Portugal compete
• Opens competition among the English, Dutch and French
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The Columbian Exchange