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Expansion and Reform1801-1850
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Regional Differences
North Farmers Changes in Society
Owners of Industry Middle Class Labor Class
First Labor Unions Develop
Anti-Slavery Societies
Abolitionists
South Based on Cash Crops No manufacturing Little transportation
Rail roads; Canals Plantations are self-
contained Aristocracy Society
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Nationalism American System
Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun High Tariff
Protect American Industry Tariff of 1816 to pay for internal improvements
National Bank Recharter & Restructure
System of Internal Improvements Infrastructure Roads, Bridges, Canals ERIE CANAL
• Links Great Lakes to Atlantic via Hudson River
Help Settle Western Lands
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Sectionalism Devotion to ones region – putting regional
issues above those of the Nation Tariffs
North Favors South Opposes
Land Free v. Market Value Cheap/Free land in West
Slavery Free Labor v. Paid Labor
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Nationalism and the WORLD Monroe Doctrine
Asserted European countries should not be involved in American issues
North and South America America for the Americans
Missouri Compromise of 1820 p.115 Missouri wants to enter the union as a slave state Would upset the balance of free and slave states in Senate Missouri enters as a slave state Maine enters as a free state Land north of 36’ 30’ closed to slavery; land south open to
slavery POPULAR SOVERIGNTY
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Supreme Court Cases McCullough v. Maryland
State of Maryland imposes a tax on the National Bank
McCullough refuses to pay Enforced federal supremacy over state law
Gibbons v. Ogden New York grants a steamboat monopoly
Runs between NY & NJ Enforced Congress’ power to regulate interstate
trade
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Election of 1824 No clear winner in electoral college John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson had most
votes Henry Clay agrees to drop out of race and convince
states to give electoral votes to Adams Adams wins the election Henry Clay appointed to cabinet Jackson calls this “corrupt bargain” Jackson forms the Democratic Party to oppose
Adams
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Election of 1828 By Election of 1828; most states allow ALL white
males to vote Universal White Male Suffrage
High voter turnout Jackson appealed to the “common man” Jackson is elected first western president
Slave owner
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Jackson’s Presidency
Common Man’s President Party on the White House Lawn
Creation of the Spoils System Also called Kitchen Cabinet
Greater Democracy If you are White and Male
Gag Rule Cannot debate slavery in congress
Sectionalism = State’s Rights
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Native American Policy Indian Removal Act of 1830 Cherokee take issue to the Supreme Court
Worchester v. Georgia Native Americans are a distinct political group and
not removed to reservations Jackson refuses to accept Supreme Court Ruling Trail of Tears 1838
Cherokee removed from homelands to Oklahoma territory
800 Million, walked, in October
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Nullification Crisis
Debate over high tariffs South Carolina calls it the “Tariff of Abomination” John Calhoun leads South Carolina Exposition and
Protest Tries to employ the Theory of Nullification
1832 – South Carolina threaten to secession Jackson threaten with the Army Henry Clay organizes a compromise
Agree to lower tariff over 10 years
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National Bank
Jackson always hated the National Bank Felt it benefited the North and rich Felt it did not benefit the common man
Jackson vetoed the charter for the National Bank Jackson wins re-election in 1832 Jackson withdrew federal money from the National
Bank and deposited it in State run banks These banks were called Pet Banks
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Manifest Destiny Theory that US should expand and fill continent
Ordained by God Sea to shining sea
Louisiana Purchase War of 1812 Why the West?
Free land More land Natural resources Continue land acquisitions
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Western Lands Oregon Territory
Whitmans – set up mission to natives Oregon Trail – From Independence, MO to Portland,
OR 54’-40” or Fight – US wanted to define No. boundary
of Oregon Territory; settled for the 49th parallel Santa Fe Trial – Southern Route
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Compromises
1820-1854
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Missouri Compromise 1820
In 1819, Missouri applies for statehood! There are 11 slave states, 11 free states Missouri would upset the balance in Congress Southerners say North conspiring to end slavery! Northerners say South trying to extend slavery!
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Missouri Compromise 1820
Henry Clay has a plan!
Who is Henry Clay?
- Congressman from Kentucky
-Author of the American System
-Known as the “Great Compromisor” Henry
Clay
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Missouri Compromise 1820THE DETAILS OF THE COMPROMISE:
1. Missouri admitted as a Slave State
2. Maine is created and admitted as a
Free State
3. All land below 36, 30’ line is open
to slavery.
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Missouri Compromise 1820
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Compromise of 1850
By 1850, the United States owns large amounts of land.
Should the new territory allow slavery?
California wants to be a free state, but that might upset the balance of free and slave states.
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Compromise of 1850
Again, Henry Clay comes to the rescue! Thirty Years older . . .
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Compromise of 1850
1. California admitted as a Free State
2. Popular Sovereignty for Utah and
New Mexico citizens, they choose for
themselves!
3. No more slave trade in D.C.
4. New STRICT Fugitive Slave Law
enacted
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Compromise of 1850
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Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
* Under popular sovereignty, settlers would have choice
whether or not to adopt legal slavery in Kansas/Nebraska Territories.
Loved in the South. It would allow slavery legally above 36o30’. Hated in North for the very same reason!
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
Unintended Consequences! “The idea that every task, however well-intentioned,
comes with unforeseen effects that can overshadow the original goal.”
Pro-slavery groups move to Kansas Abolitionists move to Kansas
AT THE SAME TIME!!
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Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
THE RESULT? Bleeding Kansas!
Fighting between the two groups results in 55 dead.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Another unintended
consequence . . .
People are so unhappy with the Kansas-Nebraska Act, they form the Republican Party.
PLATFORM OF PARTY . . . . .
“Slavery must not extend into the
territories!.”
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PLATFORM OF PARTY . . . .
“Slavery must not extend into the territories!”
THE END Or, is it just the beginning . . .
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Martin Van Buren
Jackson’s VP in 1832 Wins election of 1836 Presidency suffered because of the Panic of 1837
Caused by Jackson withdrawal of funds Whig Party gains strength
Supported American System Henry Clay & Daniel Webster
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Harrison and Tyler William Henry Harrison
War hero; Battle of Tippecanoe Tyler VP Wins Election of 1840 Dies after 1 month in office
John Tyler is the first VP to become President
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Webster Ashburton Treaty
Settled disputed land between US and “British America”
Wisconsin Territory & Maine borders changed
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Texan Independence Stephen Foster
Led American immigrants to settle in Texas With their slaves
Mexican Government Outlaws Slavery, No more immigration Convert to Catholicism Charges high tariffs
Americans get mad Go to war with Mexico Texans defeated at the Alamo 1836 – Texas in Independent
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War with Mexico Texas Annexed Boundary dispute with Mexico Mexican army rushes Texan border 1846 Congress declares war
Zachary Taylor Fought in SW
Winfield Scott Invaded Mexico
Mexico defeated
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Spoils of War Treaty of Guadelupe – Hildalgo
$15 million Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase $10 million About 30,000 sq. mi. Mexico ceded land south of Gila River; west of Rio
Grande
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Annexation of Texas 1837 – Texas ambassador visits D.C.
offered Van Buren to annex Texas Van Buren refused
1844 – hot election topics Expansion Oregon Territory Annexation of Texas
March 1, 1945 Texas joins the union as a slave state
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Second Great Awakening Religious revival after 1800 Charles Finney
Evangelical worship Tent revivals Camp meetings
Richard Allen African Methodist Episcopal Church Free Blacks and Slaves have a place to
worship
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Transcendentalism Return to a simple lifestyle
Before industrialization Before the debate over states rights
Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass
Ralph Waldo Emerson Poetry
Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience
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Education Reform
One room schools Few educated beyond 10 yrs Horace Mann
Felt ALL children should go to school Make school affordable Government subsidized school Compensatory school laws Prepare children to be good citizens Teach them how to behave at work
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Mental Health & Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix
Provide aid for mentally ill Helped establish several mental health facilities
Prison Reform Aid with illness Rehabilitate Not punish
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Utopian Communities Ann Lee
Shakers Group living with the hopes of perfection celibacy
Brook Farm Transcendentalist thinkers “combine thinker and worker in the same individual” Lasted 6 years
Oneida Commune Celibacy Ended in the 1890’s
Most did not work well; humans are just selfish
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Abolitionists
William Lloyd Garrison Liberator Radical
David Walker Preacher Freedom by force
Fredrick Douglass North Star Split with Garrison over ideological differences
Educated Women also play an important role in Abolition; but face discrimination
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Life under Slavery
Rural Slavery Plantations Field work House work
Urban slavery Skilled labor More freedoms
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Slave Rebellion
Nat Turner Observes an eclipse 1831 led a slave revolt Killed masters as they slept
RESULTS Scared whites; both North and
South Led to greater control over slaves
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Alex de Tocqueville Wrote Democracy in America
“I confess that in America I saw more than America; I sought the image of democracy itself, with its inclinations, its character, its prejudices, and its passions, in order to learn what we have to fear or hope from its progress”
Peculiar institution slavery
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Slavery Arguments Anti-Slavery
Complete emancipation Religious reasons
Not Christian Morality Against values outlined
in Constitution and Declaration of Independence
LIBERTY
Pro-Slavery New fear of slave revolts Religious support
Son of Cain Southern preachers do not
speak on slavery “happy” plantation myth Positive Good
cannot take care of themselves
cannot be trusted cannot follow the law
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Women’s Life “cult of domesticity”
Husband Children Home Church
Could not vote Could not own property 1/5 worked for wages 1/10 worked outside the home wages went to husband
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Women’s role in Reform movements Abolition
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony
Faced discrimination in Abolition movement
Began Suffrage movement
Temperance Move to ban alcohol Saw alcohol as the root of
all evil Domestic abuse Gambling/wasting money
Women saw increased opportunities in reform movements Abolition & temperance
SENECA FALLS CONVENTION OF 1848 Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton ‘Declaration of Sentiments’ Stanton also petitioned NY
state legislature to allow women to own property
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Other Women’s Reforms Women’s Education
Catherine Beecher Opened a women’s college Oberlin College – 1st co-ed college
Health Reform Elizabeth Blackwell
1st female medical school graduate ¾ women unhealthy Focused on women’s health
Amelia Bloomer Bloomers or pants for women
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Changing Workplace Industrialization
Interchangeable parts Decline of skilled labor
Labor is replaceable and expendable Growth in urban areas Cost of goods decrease as supply increase
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Lowell System
Textile Mills Factory Created a company town for girls Strict control over workers
Daddies get pay Curfew chaperone
Warn of future problems Lock workers IN the factory
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Working Conditions and Immigration
Long hours 6 days a week Off Sundays for church
Poor ventilation and lighting Unsafe working conditions No breaks
Potty Lunch
Development of labor unions and strikes
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Working Conditions and Immigration
Lots of immigration in mid 1800’s UK, France, Spain, Germany, Ireland OLD IMMIGRANTS
Most immigrants settled in urban areas Factory jobs Low wages made union activity difficult
KNOW-NOTHINGS Political party Promoted immigration controls Nativists Secret society
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Industry and Transportation Industry
1st Industrial Revolution
Textile mills Lowell System
Employ young single girls with strict supervision and rules
Interchangeable Parts Most industry in
Northeast
TransportationSteamboatRailroadsNational RoadImprove bridgesCanalsConestoga
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Market Revolution
Changed the way products were made
Introduced NEW products Changed the way we farmed Changed the way we worked
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Interchangeable Parts
Invented by Eli Whitney Improved the efficiency of factories If something broke, just replace the
part not the whole thing
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Telegraph
Invented by Samuel F.B. Morse Allowed for faster and cheaper
communication across long distances
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Mechanical Reaper
Invented by Cyrus McCormick Changed the way farmers harvest
crops Needed fewer people to harvest
crops Sparked Americans to move West
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Steel Plow
Invented by John Deere Allowed farmers to dig deeper into
soil to plant more crops Increased farm production Sparked Americans to move West
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Steamboat
Invented by Robert Fulton Allowed Americans to travel
upstream easier and faster
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Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney Farmers grew more cotton Increased demand for slaves in the
south Sparked desire for Southerners to
move West
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Conestoga
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Nationalism in Art, Literature, and Architecture Hudson River School – p.113
Celebrates unique American Landscapes Triumph of humans over nature
Novelists James Fennimore Cooper
Last of the Mohicans The Leatherstocking Tales
Poets/Short Stories Edgar Allen Poe – invents short stories
Neo-Classical Architecture White House Monticello
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Mormons or The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Founded by Joseph Smith Jr.
Product of 2nd Great Awakening Settled a Mormon community in Kirtland, OH
Chased out by mobs Settled a Mormon community in Independence, MO
Chased out by mobs Settled a Mormon community in Clay County, MO
Chased out by mobs Settled a Mormon community in Nauvoo, IL
Joseph Smith killed in Jail – other Mormons didn’t leave
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Mormons and the West
Brigham Young In charge after Joseph Smith was martyred Organized Mormons to move west
Established Mormon communities Intermountain West
Utah, Southern Idaho, Arizona, California, Nevada