Download - Evolution of US National Security Strategy
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Evolution of US National Security
Strategy
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US StrategiesUS Strategies National Security Strategy (Pres) National Defense Strategy (SecDef) National Military Strategy (CJCS) Quadrennial Defense Review
(SecDef) Annual Report of the SecDef to
Congress (SecDef)
All from DoD Historical Office
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Decision ProcessNational Security Strategy of the US
Defense Guidance
National Military Strategy of the US
QDR Annual Report
Force Posture CONGRESS
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GuidelinesGuidelines
Isolationism /NationalismIsolationism /Nationalismvs. vs.
InternationalismInternationalism
RealismRealism IdealismIdealism liberalismliberalism
WilsonianismWilsonianismBalance of power Balance of power Hegemonic realismHegemonic realism
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RealismRealism IdealismIdealismPriority on Priority on
balance of powerspreadingspreading
US valuesUS values
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Continuities? Patterns?Continuities? Patterns?
1.1. 1789-1950s: Debate1789-1950s: Debate
2.2. 1940s-1952: Decision to Lead1940s-1952: Decision to Lead1.1. Balance of power?Balance of power?
2.2. Hegemony?Hegemony?
3.3. Free Trade and CommerceFree Trade and Commerce
4.4. Spreading Democracy**Spreading Democracy**
5.5. Nervousness about CommitmentsNervousness about Commitments
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Threat and ResponseThreat and Response
1. How do we define the threat?2. How do we define the US role?3. How many and what types of
wars do we prepare for?4. How do we respond to changes
in the threat?
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Since WW II
1.1. Cold War 1945-1990Cold War 1945-1990
2.2. Post-Cold War 1990-2001Post-Cold War 1990-2001
3.3. Post-September 11: 2001 to Post-September 11: 2001 to presentpresent
Each era defined by the nature of Each era defined by the nature of the threatthe threat
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1. Cold War
Stable and relatively Stable and relatively predictable threatpredictable threat
Dilemma: Total war is not an Dilemma: Total war is not an optionoption
45 years of developing 45 years of developing strategies to compete with strategies to compete with and live with the USSRand live with the USSR
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Defining the ThreatDefining the Threat
Soviet Union and Communism
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Defining US RoleDefining US Role
“Truman Doctrine” Containing Spread of Communism and Soviet
Power Speech, March 1947 Containment: Kennan’s Long Telegram as
published in Foreign Affairs, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” by “X”, 1947
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Strategy
1. Nuclear Deterrence2. Forward Presence3. Peacetime Military Buildup
A. NSC-68 (1950)
4. Own the sea5. NATO6. Limited War
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2. Forward Presence2. Forward Presence
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6. Limited War6. Limited War
Korean War 1950-1953 Fight locally Prevent escalation
Geography Weapons Objectives Negotiate and fight
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Legacy of Truman StrategyLegacy of Truman Strategy
Core StrategyCore Strategy1.Nuclear Deterrence2.Forward Presence3.Peacetime Military Strength4.Own the sea5.NATO and other alliances6.Free Trade and Commerce7.Spread Democracy**
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Shift in Strategy under IkeShift in Strategy under Ike
The New Look Greater reliance on nuclear
weapons Conventional weapons cuts No limited war
“Never Again Club” Reliance on regional alliances and
allies
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JFK: Renewed Focus on “Wars of Liberation”
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StrategyStrategy
Flexible ResponseFlexible Response Large Defense BuildupLarge Defense Buildup Two and ½ War StrategyTwo and ½ War Strategy
1.1. EuropeEurope
2.2. East AsiaEast Asia ½ War: Counterinsurgency ½ War: Counterinsurgency
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Vietnam WarVietnam War
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Insurgency/CounterinsurgencyInsurgency/Counterinsurgency(for reference only)(for reference only)
Insurgent/Guerrilla TacticsInsurgent/Guerrilla Tactics Not taking territoryNot taking territory Hit Hit and run strikes on run strikes on
economic, governmental , economic, governmental , and military targetsand military targets
Create shadow political Create shadow political structurestructure
Make government look Make government look weak, incompetentweak, incompetent
Win support of the peopleWin support of the people Collapse government Collapse government
through intimidation and through intimidation and loss of popular supportloss of popular support
Then take over nationThen take over nation
Counterinsurgency (COIN)Counterinsurgency (COIN) Protect territoryProtect territory Protect government, Protect government,
economic, and military economic, and military infrastructureinfrastructure
Hunt down guerrillasHunt down guerrillas Hunt down political Hunt down political
supporters of enemysupporters of enemy Stabilize governmentStabilize government Win support of the Win support of the
peoplepeople Nation-buildingNation-building
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1950s-1960s: Change in the ThreatSino-Soviet Split
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Nixon StrategyNixon Strategy
1. Containment through détente Arms control with USSR
SALT Opening to China
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Nixon (continued)
2. 1 ½ war strategy2. 1 ½ war strategy1.1. EuropeEurope ½ in Korea or Middle East½ in Korea or Middle East
3. Regional Threats?Nixon Doctrine
Remarks July 25, 1969 (see Q and A) Address to the nation, Nov. 3, 1969
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1979-1981
Redefinition of ThreatIranian RevolutionIranian RevolutionSoviet Invasion of AfghanistanSoviet Invasion of Afghanistan
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““Arc of Crisis”Arc of Crisis”
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New Strategy (Carter)New Strategy (Carter)
1.1. Two War StrategyTwo War Strategy1.1. EuropeEurope
2.2. Persian Gulf RegionPersian Gulf Region1.1. Carter DoctrineCarter Doctrine
2.2. Establish RDJTF (Central Command)Establish RDJTF (Central Command)
2.2. End Détente with USSREnd Détente with USSR1.1. But crisis brings US-PRC closerBut crisis brings US-PRC closer
3.3. Large US military BuildupLarge US military Buildup
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Reagan Response to New Cold War, End of Detente
1. Military Buildup Nuclear forces 600 ship Navy
2. Type of War? Sounds like Total War
3. But Use of US force—minor Doctrine of Overwhelming Force
(Weinberger or Powell Doctrine)
4. Reagan Doctrine
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The Cold War EndsThe Cold War Ends
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Active Duty Military Personnel, 1940–2011Military personnel on extended or continuous active duty. Excludes reserves on active duty for training.Source: Department of Defense. NOTE: Figures for 1998 through August 2007 include cadets/midshipmen.
Year Army Air Force Navy Marine Corps Total
1940 269,023 160,997 28,345 458,365
1945 8,266,373 3,319,586 469,925 12,055,884
1950 593,167 411,277 380,739 74,279 1,459,462
1955 1,109,296 959,946 660,695 205,170 2,935,107
1960 873,078 814,752 616,987 170,621 2,475,438
1965 969,066 824,662 669,985 190,213 2,653,926
1970 1,322,548 791,349 691,126 259,737 3,064,760
1975 784,333 612,751 535,085 195,951 2,128,120
1980 777,036 557,969 527,153 188,469 2,050,627
1985 780,787 601,515 570,705 198,025 2,151,032
1990 732,403 535,233 579,417 196,652 2,043,705
1995 508,559 400,409 434,617 174,639 1,518,224
2000 482,170 355,654 373,193 173,321 1,384,338
2005 488,944 351,666 358,700 178,704 1,378,014
2011 (Sept.) 565,463 333,370 325,123 201,157 1,468,364
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US Navy size 1945-2011US Navy size 1945-2011
http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org9-4.htm#1945org9-4.htm#1945
Dept of the Army historical summaries Dept of the Army historical summaries http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookhttp://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/collect/dahsum.htmlshelves/collect/dahsum.html
AF stats AF stats http://www.afhso.af.mil/usafstatistics/http://www.afhso.af.mil/usafstatistics/