Download - ETHICS
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ETHICSETHICS
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Day 4
• Review of where we are at• Presentations• Review of Ethics requirements
for practicums and Resource Depletion task
• Check on RD questionnaire
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Today’s ethics objectives
• Why must we conduct ethically sound research?
• How do we judge and monitor research for its ethical standards?
• Who needs to apply?• How do you apply?• Where can you get information and
assistance?
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Why conduct ethically-sound research?
• Moral obligation
• Credible
• Legal requirements
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Morality and credibility
It's a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty − a kind of leaning over backwards. For example, if you're doing an experiment, you should report everything that you think might make it invalid − not only what you think is right about it: other causes that could possibly explain your results; and things you thought of that you've eliminated by some other experiment, and how they worked − to make sure the other fellow can tell they have been eliminated.
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Legal requirements
• Human Rights Act• Bill of Rights Act• ACC Act• Children, Young Persons & Their Families Act• Privacy Act• Crimes Act• Official Information Act• etc.,
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‘Unethical’ examples
• Genetic modification
• “The Unfortunate Experiment”
• Zimbardo (subjects acting as prisoners and guards)
• Milgram (electric shock)
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Misconduct in Research
• The fabrication or falsification of data.• Plagiarism, including copying and the use of
data and ideas without acknowledgement• Misleading ascription of authorship and failing
to acknowledge work primarily produced by a research student/ trainee/associate;
• Intentional infringements of the ethics guidelines.
• Research practices which bring or are likely to bring the Institute into disrepute.
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MisconductAnonymous poll of 3247 scientists - % who admit having engaged in
the behaviour listed within the previous 3 years (selection):0.3%: Falsifying or “cooking″ research data1.4%: Using another´s ideas without permission or giving credit1.7%: Unauthorized use of confidential material for own research4.7%: Multiple publication of the same data or results 6.0%: Failing to present data that contradict one´s previous research10.0%: Inappropriately assigning authorship credit10.5%: Withholding details of methodology in papers or proposals12.5%: Overlooking other´s use of flawed data or interpretation13.5%: Using inadequate or inappropriate research designs15.3%: Dropping observations or data points on a “gut feeling″27.5%: Inadequate record keeping related to research projects
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National standards and requirements
• National guidelines for ethics committees
• Health Information Privacy Code
• Ministerial directives
• Researcher responsibility
• Professional codes of conduct/ practice/ ethics
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Ethical considerations apply when...
Humans or animals used as subjects, i.e. with:• questionnaires, interviews, focus groups• clinical trials (medical intervention)• observational studies• bodily tissues and fluids• treatments or exercises applied• genetic modification• use of personal, non-public information• using property/material which is culturally,
historically or spiritually significant
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Principles of ethically sound research
• informed and voluntary consent
• doesn’t breach privacy
• physical and emotional harm minimisation
• cultural and social sensitivity
• limitation of deception
• respects intellectual and cultural property ownership
• avoids conflicts of interest
• adequate research design to meet objectives
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Before Collecting Data....
PRIOR APPROVAL
must be
SOUGHT and GAINED
before research can commence
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Consequences
• With formal ethics approval:• secure legal position• ACC coverage• professional coverage
• Without approval:• researcher, supervisor or even institute accepts
legal liability
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Responsibilities
• Principal researcher (applicant)• apply for ethical approval
• Supervisor• guide and inform student researcher• sign application
• Head of Department• sign application
• Ethics Committee• inform researchers and evaluate research
proposals
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Specific issues
• Maori involvement• Children as subjects• Power issues• Vulnerable subjects• Overseas research
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Ethical Dilemmas• BSocP students want to interview past or present
marijuana smokers to find out what safe practices they typically use.
• A teacher wants to run a focus group with her students to explore the effectiveness of different teaching strategies
• A counsellor wants to use session transcripts (made for the purpose of supervision) in a project that evaluates the effectiveness of counselling
• A group of women researchers want to interview men about fathering
• A group of Pakeha researchers want to do research on Maori Health practices
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Information Sheets - 1
• what the research is about• what they are being asked to do, • what the likely consequences are for them
should they participate, • that there are no disadvantages/
penalties/adverse consequences to not participating or of withdrawing from the research,
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Information Sheets -2
• any special conditions of the research that might affect their participation – eg. that there will be audio-taping or video-taping.
• How participants will be informed of the results of the research
• how confidentiality of information will be preserved.
• a schedule for the destruction of personal identifying information.
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Information Sheets - 3 • the researchers who will actually make
direct contact with the participants,• the supervisor for the project, • the host institution for the research.• a means (for example, a telephone
number) by which participants are able to be in touch with the researchers, the supervisor and the chair of the Ethics Committee to ask further questions etc, and
• the UNITEC approval statement
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Minimisation of harm
• Who can be harmed?
• What kind of harm could be done by our
research projects?
• What measures can we take to minimise
harm? (q12)
• sensitive topics such as sexual practices,
drug taking, or illegal activities?
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Harm or Risks of Harm• Physical Harm. It is often the case that one
must do some harm in order to bring about a greater good - sports research
• Psychosocial Harm. By psychosocial harm is meant everything from the invasion of privacy and the diminution of social reputation, to the creation of enduring psychological fears and confusions.
• Risk of Harm. No actual harm of any sort to participants but the risk of some harm.
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Cultural and social sensitivity
• What defines culture?
• What does an ethical approach to research seek to achieve with respect to culture?
• What cultural ethical issues are present in our research projects?
• How do we answer the cultural questions in the Ethics Application (q9 and q10)?
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Working with the framework of the Treaty
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Principles of Kaupapa Māori Research
• Tino Rangatiratanga – The Principle of Self-determination
• Taonga Tuku Iho – The Principle of Cultural Aspiration• Ako Māori – The Principle of Culturally Preferred
Pedagogy• Kia piki ake i ngā raruraru o te kainga – The Principle of
Socio-Economic Mediation • Whānau – The Principle of Extended Family Structure• Kaupapa - The Principle of Collective Philosophy• Te Tiriti o Waitangi – The Principle of the Treaty of
Waitangi• Ata - The Principle of Growing Respectful Relationships
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UREC ethical guidelines re Maori
• The Treaty of Waitangi Tino rangatiratanga over Maori resources A right to a fair share of society’s benefits. • Informed consent – by individuals and
organisations (whanau, hapu or iwi )• Genuine consultation – before, during, after Defining, designing, Resolving potentially
difficult issues. Maximising the benefits (including Maori researcher development)
Result dissemination/ownership of reports
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Research design adequacy
• Is the research question important?
• Does the question justify the participants’ efforts? (q6)
• Will the method we have chosen allow the necessary data to be collected? (q7, q8 a,b,e )
• Will the analysis that we undertake give answers to the question asked? (q8 f)
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Avoidance of conflict of interest
• Are there are conflict of interest issues
involving money, power, status or role? (q8c)
• Are there potential conflicts of interest around
expectation and truth?
• What do we need to put in place or identify as
a process to prevent conflicts of interest?
(q12)
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Limitation of deception
• Concealing your hypothesis or parts of it• Concealing who you are• Not telling participants what treatment they
are on• Telling participants that something is
happening when it is not (q12)
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Respect for rights, confidentiality and preservation of anonymity
• Right to be fully informed of all the risks and potential risks
• Right to be told of the results and conclusions
• Confidentiality/anonymity protected within limits agreed (q15)
• What information is confidential - Exceptions
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Consent form
• Title of project/Name of participant• I have seen the questions and understand the
information sheet• Any questions I have about the research have been
answered satisfactorily• I understand that taking part in this study is voluntary
and that I may withdraw from the study at any time.• I understand that my participation in this study is
confidential and that no material that could identify me will be used in any reports on this study.
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Consent form
• I also understand that the …. will be stopped if, for any reason, I require this.
• I have had enough time to consider whether I wish to take part.
• I am aware that I can contact the Research Coordinator, …., by telephone at …. if I have any queries about this project.
• Signature of participant, researcher, dates
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Respect for intellectual and cultural property ownership.
• Acknowledgement of sources
• Who owns the information you collect?
• When is information in the public domain?