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Erikson’s Psychsocial Theory of
Development
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Adolescence • The transitional stage between late childhood
and the beginning of adulthood
• As a general rule, when parent–child relationships have been good before adolescence, they continue to be relatively smooth during adolescence.
• Relationships with friends and peers become increasingly important
• Peer relationships tend to reinforce the traits and goals that parents fostered during childhood
• Adolescents are motivated to assert their independence and developing autonomy which can lead to conflicts with parents. This is cross-cultural
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The Changing Nature of Relationships with Others
over the Lifespan
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What Are the Issues ?
• Individuals develop socially
• How do social relationships develop?
• What factors drive social development?– biological– cultural– cognitive
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Erik Erikson
• Constructed an 8-stage theory of social development
• Each stage has its own psychosocial, developmental task.
• Person works towards creating their Identity - a person’s definition or description of himself or herself, including the values, beliefs, and ideals that guide the individual’s behavior
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Erikson’s Theory• Biological in belief that there are innate drives
to develop social relationships and that these promote survival (Darwinism)
• Divided life span into eight psychosocial stages, each associated with a different drive and a problem or crisis to resolve
• Outcome of each stage varies along a continuum from positive to negative
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Stage 1 (Birth–1)Trust vs. Mistrust
• Infants must rely on others for care
• Consistent and dependable caregiving and meeting infant needs leads to a sense of trust
• Infants who are not well cared for will develop mistrust
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Erik Erikson• Play “Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development – Trust Versus Mistrust” Video #20 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
To View in a separate window click here
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Stage 2 (1–3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Children are discovering their own independence
• Those given the opportunity to experience independence will gain a sense of autonomy
• Children that are overly restrained or punished harshly will develop shame and doubt
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Stage 3 (3–5 years)Initiative vs. Guilt
• Children are exposed to the wider social world and given greater responsibility
• Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative
• Feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made to feel too anxious or irresponsible
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Stage 4 (5–12 years) Industry vs. Inferiority
• Stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills
• Sense of competence and achievement leads to industry
• Feeling incompetent and unproductive leads to inferiority
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Stage 5 (Adolescence)Identity vs. Confusion
• Developing a sense of who one is and where one is going in life
• The adolescent’s path to successful identity achievement begins with identity diffusion.
• This is followed by a moratorium period. • Gradually, the adolescent arrives at an
integrated identity • Successful resolution leads to positive identity• Unsuccessful resolution leads to identity confusion or a
negative identity
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Stage 6 (Young adulthood)Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Time for sharing oneself with another person
• Capacity to hold commitments with others leads to intimacy
• Failure to establish commitments leads to feelings of isolation
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Stage 7 (Middle adulthood)Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Caring for others in family, friends, and work leads to sense of contribution to later generations
• Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and meaninglessness
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Stage 8 (Late adulthood to Death)Integrity vs. Despair
• Successful resolutions of all previous crises leads to integrity and the ability to see broad truths and advise those in earlier stages
• Despair arises from feelings of helplessness and the bitter sense that life has been incomplete
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