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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 1
Heavy flavour production at HERA
Outline:• Introduction• Charm production• Beauty production• Conclusions
Erik Maddox (NIKHEF/UvA)
On behalf of the
H1 & ZEUS collaborations
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 2
The HERA accelerator• Located near the DESY
research center in Hamburg, Germany
The HERA ring: ~ 30 m below ground level
p
920 GeV
e+/e-
27.5 GeV
820 GeV (before 1998)
Maximum center of mass energy: s = 318 GeV
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 3
Instrumentation
xy view zr view
ep event (ZEUS)
e+ p
Muon chambers
em-cal and h-cal
Tracking chambers inside B-field
Scattered positron
Proton remnant
Scattered quarkJet
Ep >> Ee Asymmetric detector
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 4
HERA-running• HERA I 1992-2000
– Largest part of the data taken from 1996-2000
– Data sample per experiment:
• L100 pb-1 e+ p • L15 pb-1 e- p
• Heavy flavour measurements reported here are from HERA I sample
• HERA II 2001-…– Luminosity upgrade– Aimed at L1 fb-1 in 2005.
– Detector upgrades– Long start up phase
• Background conditions were worse than expected
• Modifications were necessary
– Since October 2003 • Luminosity running• Recorded up to now: ~30
pb-1 (ZEUS) ~40 pb-1 (H1)– HERA II program extended
until 2007
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 5
ep kinematics
x = Q2/2P·q: fraction of proton four momentum of struck quark
Q2 = -(k-k’)2: photon virtuality
Resolved and
Direct photoproduction
Two regimes used for heavy flavour production
Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS): Q2 > 1 GeV2
Photoproduction (p): Q2 ~ 0 GeV2 {
e(k’)e(k)
p(P)
xP
p remnant
q
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 6
Heavy quark production at HERA
Driven by gluon density in the proton Mass of heavy quark gives “hard scale” to the interaction
perturbative QCD should work…
c/
c/-
Dominated by Boson-Gluon fusion (BGF)
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 7
c/
c/-
Prediction of the cross sectionFactorization: Photon structure Matrix element Proton structure
Hard ME
QCD modelscompared to data: Monte Carlo: LO + parton shower:
o Pythia (DGLAP)o RAPGAP (DGLAP)o Cascade (CCFM)
NLO Calculations:o P: FMNRo DIS: HVQDIS
QCD schemeso Massive: Heavy quark is produced dynamicallyo Massless: Heavy quark active flavour in proton
Proton structure:Parton density functions (PDFs) and QCD evolution:DGLAP, BFKL, CCFM
Photon structure:
Resolved photons: gg-->cc, cgcg and qq->cc
--
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 8
Measured channels at HERA
Decay Measurement strategyc D*± D0 ± Mass difference
c e- Particle identity
c D0, D±, … Tracks, secondary vertex
b e-,± and jet pt relative to jet axis, impact parameter of lepton
b D*± ± “Double tags”
c,b tracks in jet Imp. Parameters
blue needs microvertex detector.
H1: CST (1997, HERA-I)
ZEUS: MVD (2001, HERA-II)
c/b quark fragments into hadrons and leptons
*
*
* Results are shown in this talk
*
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 9
cD* in DIS• Reconstruction of
D*+(2010)D0+(slow), D0K- + (and
c.c)• Signal regions
1.80 < M(D0) < 1.92 GeV 0.143 < M < 0.148 GeV
• Investigate cross section for data bins in x, Q2, pt(D*) and (D*)
M
pt(D*) > 1.5 GeV,
|(D*)| < 1.5, 1.5 <Q2< 1000 GeV2
N(D*±)=5545±129
ZEUS 98-00
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 10
cD* in DIS
• Good agreement with the NLO QCD calculations
• Error band represents theoretical uncertainties:– Charm mass– Factorization and
renormalization scale– Fragmentation parameters
• 2 sets of proton PDFs functions are shown
))2/(tan(ln
Differential DIS D* cross section in
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 11
Charm contribution to the proton structure function F2
• Extraction of F2(cc) – Data shown for fixed Q2
– Agreement between ZEUS and H1
– Agreement with predictions NLO QCD fit from inclusive measurements.
– Rise of F2(cc) for higher Q2.• Effected by the proton
gluon density– Measurements verify the
fitted gluon density from inclusive measurements.
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 12
F2(cc) scaling violations
• F2(cc) for fixed x– Scaling violations F2(cc)
becomes steeper at lower x
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 13
F2(cc)
• Ratio of F2(cc) and the proton structure function F2
• Charm contribution to DIS cross section rises up to 35%
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 14
Beauty production
• b quark has larger mass, smaller charge– Cross section ~200
smaller than for charm
– Theoretical predictions expected to be more reliable (larger mass) b j in photoproduction
b j in DIS
b(and c)tracks in high Q2 DIS
HERA-I results for
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 15
Event selection
• Photoproduction pbbX jjX
– DIS rejection– At least 2 jets
• Pt > 7,6 GeV
• ||<2.5
– At least one muon linked to one of the jets.
• DIS ep ebbXejX– Scattered positron– At least 1 jet
• Pt* > 6 GeV
• ||<2.5
– At least one muon linked to the jet
•Pt, >~ 2.5 GeV
•||
Are H1/ZEUS dependent
*Breit frame: (parton CM frame)
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 16
Fraction of b quarks
Large B mass: pT of relative to the closest jet is larger
Large B lifetime:
impact parameter
H1 P (prel.): Combined max Likelihood fit (, pT ): fb=30.72.5 %rel
Fit light, c and b quark MC shapes to data
Event vertex
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 17
b in photoproductionComparisons in and pt,
Good agreement between data and NLO!
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 18
b in photoproduction
H1 and ZEUS in agreement
Comparison ZEUS and H1 in
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 19
b in photoproductionExtrapolation to quark level
Good agreement with NLO!Pt(b) GeV
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 20
b in DIS
• ZEUS differential measurements generally consistent with NLO QCD calculations
• Largest deviations for low Q2 , low x, high Et,jet
ZEUS cross sections in Q2, x, Et*jet
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 21
b in DIS
• experimental data in agreement with NLO QCD
H1 cross sections in Q2, x, Pt*jet
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 22
b in DIS
ZEUS
H1
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 23
b,ctracks in DIS
• New method used by H1– F2(cc) and F2(bb) for
HERA I data by “Inclusive secondary vertexing”
– Selection:• high Q2 (>110 GeV)
events. (3 bins in Q2 and x defined.)
• Well measured tracks (within jet) with extension to the silicon tracker
• Impact parameter significance: S=d/s(d)– Select the two highest
significance tracks (S1 and S2)
• Light, charm and beauty fraction– Fit MC shapes for S1 and
S2 for data in each bin.
– Extract F2(cc) and F2(bb) from measured fractions and inclusive F2 measurement
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 24
S1 and S2 distributions
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 25
Measurement of F2(cc) and F2(bb)
• F2(cc)/F2 and F2(bb)/F2
Agree with the ZEUS D* measurements and prediction from PDFs
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 26
First look to new ZEUS Data•D+ K-++
•D+ invariant mass signal measured with MVD (microvertex detector) fitted tracks
•Apply decay length significance cut > 5
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 27
Conclusions and outlook• HERA I has made substantial contributions to
– Understand the production of charm and beauty– Improve our knowledge about the structure of the proton and
the photon
• Uncertainties of the measurements and theoretical calculations are still large– More precise calculations are welcome and needed– HERA-II and the improved H1 and ZEUS detector will allow
even deeper insight into these important topics of QCD.
• More interesting heavy flavour physics from HERA coming in the future.– HERA-II has really started since October 2003!
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 28
Heavy quarks as a tool
• The HERA experiments use charm and bottom signatures as a tool to study:– structure of resolved photons– Hard QCD scatter– Structure of the proton– Fragmentation
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 29
D* photoproduction
NLO Calculations: large theoretical uncertainties
Not yet possible to distinguish between different charm treatments
Wp = (p+q)2
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 30
The H1 Detector
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 31
Visible b cross sections at HERA
Note: Comparison of measurements in different phase space
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Erik Maddox BEACH 2004, Chicago 32
D+ candidate in DIS