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ERGONOMICS AND ANATOMY
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ERGONOMICS-WHAT IS IT ?
The word derived from two Greek words:
“Nomoi” meaning natural laws“Ergon” meaning
work
Hence,
ergonomic s Is the study human capabilities in
relationship to work demands
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ERGONOMICS
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INTRODUCTION TO ERGONOMICS
The study of interaction between people and machine
and the factors that affect the interaction .Thepurpose is to improve the human machine interaction
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WHY IS ERGONOMICS IMPORTANT?
Industries increasingly require higher production
rates and advances in technology to remain competitive
and stay in business. As a result, jobs today can involve
Frequent lifting, carrying, and pushing or pulling loads
without help from other workers or devices
Increasing specialization that requires the worker to
perform only one function or movement for a long period
of time or day after day
Working more than 8 hours a day
Working at a quicker pace of work, such as faster
assembly line speeds and having tighter grips when
using tools
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The system can be improved by1. Designing the user interface to make it more
compactable with the task and the user this
makes it easier to use and more resistant to errors
2. Change the work environment to make it safe3. Change the task to make it more compactable
with the user characteristics
4. Change the way the work is organized to
accommodate the people’s needs
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EXAMPLES
The work environment can be improved by
eliminating vibration and noise and providing better
seating, better ventilation or lighting
Work organization can be improved by enabling the
workers to work at their own places ,so as to
reduce the psychological stress
in an information processing task we must design
the interface so as to reduce the load on the users
memory
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IMPLEMENTATION OF ERGONOMICS IN A SYSTEM
By eliminating aspects of system functioning that
are undesirable uncontrolled or unaccounted such
as
Inefficiency: when worker output produces sub
optimal output
Fatigue: in badly designed people tire
unnecessarily
Accidents injuries and errors: due to bad design
,physical stress and mental stress
User difficulties
Low morale and apathy
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FOCUS OF ERGONOMICS
The focus of ergonomics is
on the interaction betweenthe person and the machine
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FOCUS OF ERGONOMICS
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DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN MACHINE SYSTEM
For ergonomics human is thepart of the system and mustbe fully integrated into thedesign stage so humanrequirements are system
requirements
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HUMAN MACHINE SYSTEM
Equipment that is usable and safe
Task that are compatible with the peoples expectations
limitations and training
An environment that is comfortable and appropriate for
the task
A work organization that recognizes the people's social
and economic needs
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COMPATIBILITY- MATCHING DEMANDS TO CAPABILITIES
Ergonomic entropy:
this is a disorder in the system functioning that
occurs owing to a lack of compatibility in some or all
of the interaction involving the human operator
The incompatibility can occur due to
Human requirements for optimum system
functioning were never considered at the design
stages
In appropriate task design
Lack of prototyping
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APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS
Applications are mostly in
i) Occupational stress, health hazards.
ii) Management
iii) Design
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APPLICATION AREAS SPECIFIC TO OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY:
Occupational risk management
Work schedule & sustained performance
Psychosocial approach occupational health
Manual material handling
Work related musculoskeletal disorders
Warning and risk perception
Safe design
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APPLICATION IN MANAGEMENT
Work process management, efficiency
Productivity and human resource utilization
Work study and time study
Management of work/rest cycle
Personnel deployment and Shift work
Human cost of work and cost benefit effects for the
modifications done
Manual material handling Work ambient environment monitoring
Human work and efficiency
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HUMAN COMPONENTS
Effort
Sense
Central processes
Effort; the three primary effort are the hand,feet,and
voice, more generally the musculoskeletal system and
the body weights can be regarded as effort
Sense: the sense are the means by which we are aware
of our surroundings humans are said to have five
senses
Central process: to carry out activities we need energy
which is provided by the physiological process
providing energy to working muscles. The brain can be
regarded as the information processing unit
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M ACHINE COMPONENTS
The machine component include
1. Controlled process
2. Display
3. Controls
4. The immediate environment
5. Work space
6. The physical environment
7. Work organization
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Controlled process: the basic operation of the machine e.g.
Nuclear fission, digging vegetable garden, automatically
sorting information
Display: this is the action of the machine or its local
environment. In hazardous systems the human operator has
no direct access to the process and interact with the process
through the displays
Controls: human interact with the machine through controls.controls are also important source of feed back during the
execution of control process
The immediate environment: this is the place in which the
work is carried out and consists of physical work space Work space: the 3D space in which the work is carried out. In
complex systems the work space is fixed
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The physical environment: many aspects of physical
environment can affect the worker, ergonomists are most
interested in noise vibration lighting and climate
contamination and pollution of the environment
Work organization: work organization as its most basic
level refers to immediate organization of human machine
interaction, it refers to the organizational structure in which
the work activity is embedded
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HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS
In the work environment, the selection and creation of
tools, machines, and work processes continued. Over
centuries, the effectiveness of hammers, axes and
plows improved. With the Industrial Revolution,
machines such as the spinning jenny (a machine that
produced yarn to make cloth) and rolling mills (amethod of flattening iron ore into flat sheets) were
developed to improve work processes. This is the same
motivation behind much of ergonomics today
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Wojciech Jastrzebowski created the word ergonomics
in 1857 in a philosophical narrative, "based upon the
truths drawn from the Science of Nature".
In the early 1900's, the production of industry was still
largely dependent on human power/motion and
ergonomic concepts were developing to improve worker
productivity. Scientific Management, a method that
improved worker efficiency by improving the job process,became popular.
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Frederick W. Taylor was a pioneer of this approach and evaluated
jobs to determine the "One Best Way" they could be performed. At
Bethlehem Steel, Taylor dramatically increased worker production and
wages in a shoveling task by matching the shovel with the type of
material that was being moved (ashes, coal or ore).
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth made jobs more efficient and less fatiguingthrough time motion analysis and standardizing tools, materials and the
job process. By this approach, the number of motions in bricklaying
was reduced from 18 to 4.5 allowing bricklayers to increase their pace
of laying bricks from 120 to 350 bricks per hour
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World War II prompted greater interest in human-
machine interaction as the efficiency of sophisticated
military equipments like airplanes could be compromised
by bad or confusing design. Design concepts of fitting themachine to the size of the soldier and
logical/understandable control buttons evolved.
After World War II, the focus of concern expanded to
include worker safety as well as productivity. Research
began in a variety of areas like Muscle force required to
perform manual tasks, Compressive low back disk forcewhen lifting, Cardiovascular response when performing
heavy labor ,Perceived maximum load that can be
carried, pushed or pulled
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ATTEMPTS TO HUMANIZE WORK
In the 1960s in Sweden the VOLVO motor car company
which was suffering from high absenteeism tried to find new
way of assembling cars in an attempt to have more stable
and productive work force there the conventional line
production was replaced by the unit production
The British Quality of working life program in 1980
attempted to combine new approaches job design withtechnological change under the premise
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MODERN ERGONOMICS
There are four domains of ergonomics namely;
1. Hardware Ergonomics
2. Environmental Ergonomics
3. Cognitive Ergonomics
4. Macro ergonomics
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HARDWARE ERGONOMICS DEALS WITH;
Control design and location parameters and functional
aspects for communication and easy operation
Visual displays, codes, scales and markings
Anatomical and anthropometric (static &dynamic) match
establishment
Working posture, body supportive devices match along
with context fit and workstation
Range of body movement characteristics and thus
limitations of man.
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Environmental Ergonomics: Human environment interface
concerning human capabilities and limitations with respect
to the demands imposed by various environmental
modalities and relevant
Cognitive Ergonomics: Human perception and information
processing to reduce error, and system mismatch to
increase usability, functional reliability and safety
(stereotype behavior)
Users' behavioral demands in designing consumer
products
User-centered interface- computer simulation
Effect of psychological stressors on human performance;
etc
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MACRO ERGONOMICS
It deals with specific aspects of
Workstation design
Work process design
Work organization
Shift work sitting
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF ERGONOMICS
Technology push is the main factor influencing thedirections and growth of ergonomics .Rapid development
of usable system a priority in many organizations
In developing countries there is still a need for basic
ergonomic design of factories and offices The future of ergonomics will be strongly dependent on the
ability of Ergonomists to integrate outside our profession
with a range of stakeholders These include universities
and external funding agencies that will support the
education and research programs required to sustain
vitality in the profession
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The future for ergonomists will require
development of wide-based skills that include
strong technical and research competencies
This requires a holistic approach to ergonomics to
achieve practical outcomes to the benefit of thestakeholders.