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EPOW-6860 : Surge Phenomena in Electric Power Engineering
EPOW-6860 : Surge Phenomena in Electric Power Engineering
Final Presentation
Jason L. [email protected]
Final Presentation
Jason L. [email protected]
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International Power System Transients Conference
• Held every 2 years since 1995• “…promoting the study of power
systems transients by offering a platform of scientific and technical excellence for its presentation…”
• Over 100 papers from 2007 meeting
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Tower Footing Resistance
• Tower Voltage Effects– Surges– Insulation Needs
• $ & Protection• Grounding
– Variable Soil Conditions– Proper Grounding
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Standard Footing Resistance Values
Resistance (ohms)Specific resistivity of soil(ohms/cm3)
Up to 330 kV
400/500 kV
Up to 104 10 10
104 up to 5 *104 15 13
5*104 up to 10*104 20 15
10*104 30 30
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Transient Tower Footing Resistance Model
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Transient Tower Footing Resistance Model (2)
• Typical Lightning Surge Current (Is)– Front t = 1.2 μS, Tail t = 50 μS
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Transient Tower Footing Resistance Model (3)
• Tower Footing Resistance Dependency on Surge Current (I)
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Insulator Flashover
• Stroke Current & Cross-arm Voltage • Footing Resistance &
Reflection/Refraction at Ground
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Footing Resistance Effects Case Study
• 115kV Circuit• 73 Km Length• 213 Towers (Steel)• 78 Flashover Events Between 1998-2003
– 18 Insulator Failures (18% Rate)• High Mountain Terrains
– Variable Footing Resistances
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Footing Resistance Effects Case Study (2)
• Stroke Current Magnitude Data for Area (Statistical Distribution)
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Footing Resistance Effects Case Study (3)
• 115kV Line Data– # of Flashovers – Footing Resistance Distributions
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Transmission Line Model
Class 1 Tower
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Simulations
• Model Insulators as 80 pF Capacitors with Parallel Switches
• PSCAD & TFlash– EPRI HV Lab in Lenox, MA
• Compare Effects of Footing Resistance with Lightning Stroke Front Time, Magnitude of Lightning Stroke, and Tower Structure
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Simulation Results – Lightning Stroke Front Time
• ↓Is Front Time = ↑V• ↑V ↑Flashovers
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Simulation Results – Lightning Stroke Magnitude
• ↑Is & ↑RT = ↑V• ↑V ↑Flashovers
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Simulation Results – Structure of Tower
• 1 GW vs. 2 GW• Flashover DependentOn: I, RT, & # of GW
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PLSCAD vs. TFLASH
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Conclusions
• RT Can Affect Insulator Failure–↓Is Front Time = ↑Failures–↑Is Magnitude = ↑Failures–↑# of GW = ↓Failures
• Software Results
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References• Professor Connor’s Website,
http://hibp.ecse.rpi.edu/%7Econnor/education/Surge/• International Conference on Power System Transients (IPST) Website,
http://www.ipst.org/• Florida State University, Power System Transients Course Website,
www.eng.fsu.edu/~tbaldwin/eel5270/public/• ULG Transmission & Distribution Department, Paper on “Basic Design and
Construction aspects of Transmission Lines”• P.Yadee & S.Premrudeepreechacharn, IPST 2007 Conference, “Analysis of
Tower Footing resistance Effected Back Flashover Across Insulator in a Transmission System”, http://www.ipst.org/techpapers/2007/ipst_2007/papers_IPST2007/Session12/290.pdf
• T&D Article on EPRI’s TFLASH Program, http://tdworld.com/news/power_striking_back_power/
• A.Greenwood, “Electrical Transients in Power Systems”, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Canada, 1991