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slide 1© UBC-GIF 2005
The University of British ColumbiaThe University of British ColumbiaGeophysical Inversion FacilityGeophysical Inversion Facility
http://www.eos.ubc.ca/research/ubcgif
EOSC 350 : An Introduction to Applied Geophysics
September 2009
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slide 2© UBC-GIF 2005
Outline:
• Introduction: Example problems– Environmental, geotechnical, resource exploration
• Geophysical surveys and data images
• Inversion
• Mineral exploration example
• Summary/discussion
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slide 3© UBC-GIF 2005
Environmental: UXO
• Military proving grounds
• Regions of conflict
• Avalanche control
http://www.nohowinc.com/http://www.dma.state.mn.us/
http://www.centennialofflight.gov
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slide 4© UBC-GIF 2005
Various types of UXO
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slide 5© UBC-GIF 2005
Environmental: How do we find UXO?
?
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slide 6© UBC-GIF 2005
Geotechnical: A Canadian potash mining
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slide 7© UBC-GIF 2005
Geotechnical problem
• Slide: water gushing into the mine
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slide 8© UBC-GIF 2005
Mineral exploration
• What do we have?
Map of surface geology
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slide 9© UBC-GIF 2005
?
• What do we want?– Subsurface structures and materials
Mineral exploration
Map of surface geology
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slide 10© UBC-GIF 2005
Solutions … Geophysics
Energy from sourceEnergy from source
Physical propertiesand contrasts
Physical propertiesand contrasts
Measurements = DataMeasurements = Data
- Density- Magnetic susceptibility- Electrical resistivity- Chargeability- others …
- Gravity- Magnetic field anomalies- DC or electromagnetics- Induced polarization- etc. …
Data are related to physical properties
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slide 11© UBC-GIF 2005
Physical properties
• UXO:– Electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility
• Water (at potash mine): – Electrical conductivity: high if it has dissolved salt
• Minerals: – magnetic susceptibility (at Raglan)
– electrical conductivity,
– chargeability,
– density
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slide 12© UBC-GIF 2005
Environmental : Magnetic Survey
TM4
Ferrex
nT
-200
-100
0
100
200
Easting (m)
Nor
thin
g (m
)
0 10 20 30 40 500
10
20
30
40
50
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slide 13© UBC-GIF 2005
mortarPopcanFrag76mm
Operational Task: Dig
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slide 14© UBC-GIF 2005
100 metresApproximateScale
3.5 KM of Electrical Resistance Imaging along tunnels
Geotechnical survey data (potash mine)
NTS
UNDERGROUND 2D ERIGOCAD VISUALIZATIONVIEW FROM NE
FIGURE 7
PROJECT No.DESIGNCADDCHECKREVIEW
FILE No. ----REV.SCALE
TITLE
PROJECT
06OCT0328SEP04
MaxCB/Max
04-1419-007
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slide 15© UBC-GIF 2005
WEST EAST
143 m 148 m 155 m 159 m 163 m
Ground Penetrating Radar: Drill-holes with no water
Water found
Direct Current Resistivity image: Water found here
Two geophysical surveys along tunnels
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slide 16© UBC-GIF 2005
Our mineral exploration example
• Data: magnetic measurements.
• Image: map of anomalies in earth’s field.
Map of surface geology
Image provides some information …but not enough.
Total field aeromagnetics
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slide 17© UBC-GIF 2005
Getting more from data …
• Image provides some information but not enough.
Total field aeromagnetics
We want a “model” of subsurface materials.
Invert the data
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slide 18© UBC-GIF 2005
What is Inversion?
Goal: Estimate the Earth model that generated the data
Model
??
Data
Airborne, surface or borehole
measurements are data
Inversionprocessing
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slide 19© UBC-GIF 2005
Inversion procedure:
• Divide Earth into cells (each with fixed size and unknown value).
• Inversion: find values for cells such that data are explained.
• Use mathematical optimization theory.
• Difficulties:
– Solution is non-unique.
– Computationally demanding.
Measurements = DataMeasurements = Data Pre-processingPre-processing InversionInversion
Physical property distributions = MODELS
Physical property distributions = MODELS
Prior informationPrior information
3D, and ~ 105 cells
1κ
2κ
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slide 20© UBC-GIF 2005
Geophysical inversion is analogous to medical imaging
• We need a 3D image for pinpointing a target or making a final assessment.
Image of a brain based on MRI measurements.
Image of an ore body based on magnetic field measurements.
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slide 21© UBC-GIF 2005
Viewing an inversion result
• 3D volume can be viewed many ways. Here:– Data on top
– Pixels showing material property value:visible along the slice.
– Isosurface:
hide all cells with values less than a chosen value.
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slide 22© UBC-GIF 2005
Exploration at Raglan: Inversion image
? ?
Invert data => 3D images of property distribution.
Total field aeromagneticdata
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slide 23© UBC-GIF 2005
Framework for Applied Geophysics: 7 Steps
• Setup: What is the question to be answered?
• What are the diagnostic physical properties?
• Choose survey and design data acquistion.
• Data collection
• Processing of field data
• Interpretation
• Synthesis
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slide 24© UBC-GIF 2005
Mineral Exploration: The “Cluny” copper/lead/zinc deposit
Physical Properties of the Rocks
Rock unit Conductivity Chargeability
Adjacent shale high low
Host volcanic low-moderate low rocks
Mineral zone:- Siltstone containing (Cu, Pb, Zn)
- Galena, pyrrhotite, pyrite, sphalerite
moderate high
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slide 25© UBC-GIF 2005
Electrical survey: concept
DC surveyData: ”pseudosection”
• Basic equations:
dvr1or ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛⋅⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ ∇⋅∇
= ∫ σφσφS=∇⋅∇ φσ )(
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slide 26© UBC-GIF 2005
Data set #1:
Apparent resistivity,dipole - pole.
Electrical survey: data• Eight survey lines
• Two survey configurations.
Easting (m) Easting (m)
mS/m
Easting (m) Easting (m)
mS/m
Data set #2:
Apparent conductivity,pole - dipole.
10500 11500 12500
13000
14000
15000
16000
400
450
500
Easting (m)
Nor
thin
g (m
)
Surface topography:ElevationMeters
10 lines surveyed
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slide 27© UBC-GIF 2005
3D conductivity model from 3D inversion:
Click image to see the AVI movie
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slide 28© UBC-GIF 2005
IP data: what is being measured?
Source Current (Amps)
Measured Voltage (Volts)
Vσ Vs(t)
VηMeasurement is:How easily doesmaterial retaincharge.
Non-zero area occurs becausecharges took time to equilibrate.
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slide 29© UBC-GIF 2005
Apparent chargeability,dipole - pole.
3D induced polarization
10500 11500 12500
13000
14000
15000
16000
400
450
500
Easting (m)
Nor
thin
g (m
)
Surface topography:ElevationMeters
10 lines surveyed
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slide 30© UBC-GIF 2005
3D conductivity and chargeability: Cluny
Volume rendered resistivity model Volume rendered chargeability model
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slide 31© UBC-GIF 2005
Summary For Applied Geophysics
• Multi-disciplinary:– brings together mathematics, physics, computer science,
geology, engineering into a single context.
• Requires team work and ability to communicate among different disciplines
• Two communication tools are:– Expressing problems in terms of physical properties
– Images
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slide 32© UBC-GIF 2005
Framework for Applied Geophysics: 7 Steps
• Setup: What is the question to be answered?
• What are the diagnostic physical properties?
• Choose survey and design data acquistion.
• Data collection
• Processing of field data
• Interpretation
• Synthesis
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slide 33© UBC-GIF 2005
Slide 33
Homework• Read the course syllabushttp://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc350/
• Read the paper:
“A Geophysical Journey around Ireland” by James Hodgson
Upcoming events:
• Quiz involving “Seeing underground”
• Team exercise: Physical properties and case histories from Ireland.