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EOC BIG IDEAS Review
Mr. Rosato’s GT6 Spring 2015
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Scientific Method: We DO this without even thinking about it
Stat
e th
e Pr
oble
m 1. QuestionMake it as precise as possible
2. HypothesisTestable Prediction
3. ExperimentIndependent Variable: I change itConstant always keep it the sameControl Group: Compare all your tests to this group
Predict ObserveThink
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4. DataDependent VariableDepends on the Independent variable
Qualitative means describe or categorizeQuantitative means a measure a number
5. ConclusionsDoes the Data support the hypothesis?If no, revise the hypothesisIf yes, thenTheory = happens more than once
Law = happens ALL the time
6. CommunicateEnough detail to allow others to repeat experiment
Infer
Compare & Contrast
Classify
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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Scientific Method BIG IDEAS
•Ask a Question→ Answer it with a well-designed Experiment
• Independent Variable: I change it
• Dependent Variable: DATA
• Theory = happens more than once• Law = happens ALL the time
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Weather Systems &
Cloud Types
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•Bodies of air that bring distinctive weather features to the country. •A mass of air in air that is very uniform in temperature, pressure, and humidity. •Polar = cold•Tropical = warm•Maritime = moistContinental = dry
Air Masses
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Air Masses in Atmosphere
•Air Masses cover several millions of square kilometers and extend vertically throughout the troposphere
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Weather Map: Fronts, Systems, Jet stream
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Weather Fronts
A front is the transition zone between two air masses of different density. Fronts extend not only in the horizontal direction, but in the vertical as well.
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Cold Front & Air Masses
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Cold Front on a Weather Map
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Warm Front on a Weather Map
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Wind Circulation Patterns
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Global Wind Patterns
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Weather Forecasting• Tools Used:
• Thermometer (temperature) • Barometer (pressure)• Hygrometer (humidity)• Radar (storm & cloud movement)• Satellite imagery (storm & cloud movement)
• National Weather Service Boise Site:• http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/boi/• Weather Channel Site:• http://www.weather.com/
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Weather Maps
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Climate• Average of all weather conditions in area over a long time
• Ex: temperature, precipitation
• Climate is cyclically influenced by ocean currents & temperatures• El Niño & La Niña
• These variations alter:• surface wind• surface ocean temperatures • deep ocean temperatures
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Normal vs. El Niño Ocean Temperatures
Unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial PacificWinters are warmer than normal in the Northern States & cooler than normal in the Southern States
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Is Global Warming Real?YES! – The only possible question is: “Did Mankind Cause it?”
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Normal vs. La Niña Ocean Temperatures
Unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial PacificWinters are cooler than normal in the Northwest &warmer than normal in the Southeast
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Cloud Characterization
•Clouds are characterized by:1. Height above the ground
a) Cirrob) Altoc) Nimbo
2. Type of clouda) Cirrusb) Cumulusc) Stratus – any cloud type can form layers
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Cloud Levels & Types
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Cloud Levels & Types
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Weather BIG IDEAS
• Air Masses are characterized by temperature, pressure, and humidity • Different Air masses caused by uneven heating of the Earth’s
surface from the SUN• High Pressure = colder, denser, dry air = FAIR Weather• Low Pressure = warmer, less dense, wetter air = rainy Weather•Winds caused by differences in pressure• Jet Stream is the prevailing wind direction (West to East in
northern hemisphere)•Clouds characterized by Height (Cirro, Alto, Nimbo) &
Type (Cirrus, Cumulus, Stratus)
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Forces & Motion Study Guide
Mr. Rosato’s GT6 EOC Review
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Motion
•Motion = Change in position
• Speed = Distance Time• Velocity = Speed with a direction
• Acceleration = Change in Velocity Time
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Forces
• Force = Push or Pull • Types:
• Contact - Causes Motion• Gravity - Causes Motion• Friction - Opposes Motion
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Simple Machines
Work = Force x DistanceSimple Machines reduce the amount of force required to move an object by increasing the disdtance the person moves
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s Laws describe how forces produce motion. The Three Laws are:
I. Inertia/laziness – things want to keep doing what they’re doing.
II. F = ma• Forces cause AccelerationIII. Action/Reaction• Forces act in pairs Balanced Forces• equal + opposite: No net Force• No Motion
Unbalanced Forces• Not equal + opposite: A net Force• Result in Motion
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Forces & Motion BIG IDEAS•Motion is a change in position•Speed (change in distance with time)•Velocity (change in speed or direction)• Acceleration (change in velocity)•Newton’s Laws 1. Inertia2. Forces cause acceleration3. Action/Reaction• Simple Machines: 6 types, reduced force, but more
distance
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Life Science Study Guide
Cell TheoryCell Structure
Cell ReproductionGenetics & Heredity
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Cell TheoryI. Cells are the building blocks of all living things
• can be single-celled (called protozoa)• can be multi-celled, where they have a specific function
II. All life processes take place in cells• Energy production• Growth & reproduction
III. New cells are produced from existing ones• Cells divide into 2, then into 2 more… =exponential growth
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Parts of a Cell
• Organelles = structures that perform specific functions in cells• Cytoplasm = clear fluid surrounding organelles
• Differences between Plant & Animal Cells:• Cell wall (plants)• Large single vacuole (plants)• Chloroplasts (plants)
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Plant Cell
VacuoleStores nutrients and waste
MitochondriaCreates energy
Golgi apparatusFedEx: Transport System
Smooth ER*
Rough ER*ChloroplastMake sugars for food
Cell wallNucleus
Control Center
Cell MembraneControls what substances enter & leave cell
Nuclear membranecontrols what enters and leaves the nucleus
RibosomesMake Proteins
Nucleolusregulates all cell activity by controlling the
enzymes present.
DNAProvides cell instructions for
reproduction
CytoplasmClear fluid
MicrotubulesStructural basis of the cells, used in mitosis
*ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organelles
Rough contains Ribosomes
Nuclear pore
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Animal Cell
ChromosomesContain DNA
CytoplasmClear fluid
MicrotubulesStructural basis of the cells, used in mitosis
Nucleus Pore
VacuolesStores nutrients and waste
Cell MembraneControls what substances
enter & leave cell
MitochondriaCreates energy
Smooth ER*RibosomesMake Proteins
Rough ER*
Golgi apparatusFedEx: Transport System
Nucleolusregulates all cell activity by controlling the enzymes present.
NucleusControl Center
Nuclear membranecontrols what enters and leaves the nucleus
CentriolePull apart chromosoes during mitosis
*ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organellesRough contains Ribosomes
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Eukaryote
have a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)
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Prokaryotelack a nucleus (most bacteria)
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Cell Family Tree
Cells
Bacteria
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Multicellular Organisms:5 Structural Levels of Organization
Cell
building block of life
Perform a specific function
Tissue
Organ SystemOrgan
Perform a specific job – made of at least 2 types of tissue
Organism
Complete living thing that relies on cells for life functions
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Muscle Cell
Nerve Cell
Blood Cells
Specialized Cells
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Cell Reproduction
• Cells Reproduce Through Two Processes:
1. Mitosis= asexual reproduction• A 6 step process where body cells reproduce by cell division.• Create exact replicas of themselves for building tissues• Examples: muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, blood cells• Also Protozoa create exact replicas of themselves by cell division
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Cell Reproduction
2. Meiosis = Sexual Reproduction• A 9 step process involving multiplication then division of cells. • The reproductive process where new cells and organisms are formed
• Chromosomes from both parents are mixed when the sperm and egg cells combine to produce a fertilized egg
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Comparison of Mitosis (cell growth) vs. Meiosis (cell reproduction):
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Mitosis
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Meiosis
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Cell BIG IDEAS
• Cells are basis of living things• Have organelles• Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole• Eukaryotes have nucleus, prokaryotes have NO nucleus
• Cells speciallize: cells→tissues→organs→organ systems→ORGANISMS• Cells make new cells:• Mitosis: Makes 2 identical cells for body growth• Meiosis: Makes 4 reproductive daughter cells with mixed genetics from both
parents = instructions for embryo/egg development
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Gene Terminology• Trait: a • PHYSICAL characteristic of an organism • passed down from our parents (e.g., ear lobe shape).
• Gene:• DNA information which produces a trait • (e.g., the part of the gene for ear shape)• Allele: • a particular VERSION of a gene that produces a particular trait (e.g. the
allele for attached earlobes)
• For example: B and b are both alleles for the trait of ear lobe
Earlobe gene (Bb)
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Gene Terminology• Genotype • the genetic make-up of an organism • The pair of alleles passed from the parents (e.g., BB, bb, Bb)• Phenotype • the PHYSICAL result of a gene combination.• The trait which is displayed as a result of the genotype
Earlobe gene (Bb)
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DOMINANCE• Dominant Trait: . • A trait that is most likely to appear due to a strong gene. • dominant allele
• represented by a capital letter (e.g., B)
• Dominance is when one allele can mask the presence of another. (e.g., Bb is the same as BB)• Recessive Trait: • A trait that is less likely to appear due to a weaker allele or gene.• recessive allele• represented by a lower case letter (eg., b)
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Types of Alleles
• Homozygous- • having a similar pair of genes for a hereditary characteristic (e.g.,
BB or bb).
• Heterozygous- • having a dissimilar pair of genes for a hereditary characteristic (e.g., Bb).
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Punnett square • Uses the known genotypes of each parent in a simple diagram
possible genotype outcome for any offspring
Parent genotype
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Punnett Square for Mendel’s F1 Pea Plants
•Each cell within the square is representative of one possible genotype for any offspring; •Male is always placed on top; Female is on the left side
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Genetics BIG IDEAS
• Chromosomes contain DNA• DNA is a double helix with base pair bridges (ATCG)
• Gene:• the sequence of base pairs in a section of DNA • Genetic information in DNA produces a physical trait • Allele: • a particular VERSION of a gene that produces a particular trait (e.g. the
allele for attached earlobes) B = Dominant; b= recessive
• For example: B and b are both alleles for the trait of ear lobe
• Genotype = the pair opf allleles in a gene (Bb)• Phenotype = the physical trait produced by the genotype
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Genetics BIG IDEAS: Punnett square
• Uses the known genotypes of each parent in a simple diagram
possible genotype outcome for any offspring
Parent genotype