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Environmental History: An overview
Honors EES
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What major Human Cultural Changes have taken place?
Age of our solar system - 4.6 billion years
Homo sapiens sapiens have been on Earth for 60,000 years
Cultural Changes and Sustainability
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The Evolution of Human Culture:
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Until about 12,000 years ago we moved as needed to find food for survival.
Survived through expert knowledge of their natural surroundings
Had only three energy sources:1. the sun2. fire3. their own muscle power
Lived sustainably through low resource use per person and working with nature in small groups
Advanced hunter-gatherers had a greater impact on their environment.
Hunters and Gatherers
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Began 10,000 to 12,000 years agoInvolved a gradual transition from nomadic
hunting lifestyle to a lifestyle based on a community where people domesticated wild animals and plants
Initially involved subsistence farming (growing only enough to feed your individual family)
The Agricultural Revolution
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Impact on the environment included:Use of domesticated animals to have increased
energyMore reliable food source led to increase in
birth ratesLarge areas were cleared and irrigation
systems were builtPeople began accumulating material goodsFarmers could grow more than just enough for
their familiesUrbanization became practical and prevalent
The Agricultural Revolution
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Impact on the environment included:The survival of plants and animals once vital to
humanity became less importantHuman population began working to tame and
manage nature rather than working with nature to survive
The Agricultural Revolution
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Began 275 years ago (~1870s)Production, commerce, trade and distribution
of goods expanded rapidlyShifted dependence from renewable resources
to non-renewable resourcesNew machines were then created and large-
scale production became prevalentMore food and supplies became available so
the population began to grow rapidly
The Industrial Revolution
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Dramatic increase in environmental impact.
The Industrial Revolution
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Current cultural shiftNew technologies are enabling people to deal
with more information more rapidlyThe impact of this on the environment is not
yet clear
Information Revolution
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PositiveWe are finding out
new information on how to respond to environmental problems more effectively.
An overload of information can cause confusion and distraction as we try to identify useful environmental information.
Information Revolution
Negative
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Tribal EraNorth America was occupied by 5-10 million
tribal people for at least 10,000 years.Native Americans generally low-impact hunter-
gatherer or agricultural societies.Most Native American cultures had a deep
respect for the land and its animals and did not believe in land ownership.
Environmental History of the United States
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Frontier Era (1607-about 1890)European colonists began settling North
America.Frontier environmental worldview—most of the
continent was wilderness full of dangerous savages and wild beasts to be conquered.
Significant environmental impact as land was cleared and plowed.
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Conservation Era (1832-1960)Concern over resource usePreservation of public landPublic health initiativesEnvironmental restoration projects
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Environmental Era (1960-2000)Science of EcologySpaceship Earth worldview1980’s: anti-environmental movement1990’s: environmental awareness
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Henry David ThoreauBuilt a cabin in the woods on Walden Pond near
Concord, Mass.Lived there alone for 2 years and wrote “Life in
the Woods”, an environmental classic.
Important People
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George Perkins MarshA scientist and member of congressQuestioned the idea that resources were
inexhaustibleFormulated basic resource conservation
principles we still use today.
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John MuirFounded the Sierra ClubLeader of the preservationist movement,
advocating the protection of large areas of wilderness on public lands.
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Theodore RooseveltConservationists whose term in office was
known as the “Golden Age of Conservation”.Designated the Grand Canyon as one of the
first 16 national parks.More than tripled the size of the national forest
reserves.
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Rachel CarsonWrote the book “Silent Spring” about the
dangers of pesticides.Contributed to the ban of DDT
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The threat of climate changeGrowing water shortagesContinuing population growthContinuing biodiversity lossContinuing poverty
Environmental Challenges of the 21st Century