Download - Entrepreneurial Learning - David Rae
Entrepreneurial Learning
Inspiring entrepreneurial learning in the new era
Glyndŵr University2 June 2011
Professor David RaeISBE Vice-president, education
Entrepreneurial Learning
Professor David Rae
• Career in small business, government & higher education• Entrepreneurship researcher, educator & writer• Entrepreneurial learning: PhD & publications 1999-2011• Director of Enterprise & Innovation, Lincoln Business School, University of Lincoln• Vice-president, Institute of Small Business & Entrepreneurship • Optimist, based on human creativity & potential for learning
‘Warycat’ on Twitter
Session topics….
• What is entrepreneurial learning?• Opportunity-centred entrepreneurship• Creative learning• New era entrepreneurship • What does this mean for educators? • Momentary perspectives on entrepreneurial learning • Towards sustainable entrepreneurship education
If only there was a better way…
Why does it matter?
Acknowledgements to the work of E.H Shepard
The icons of ‘Pooh’, ‘Piglet’, ‘Eeyore’, ‘Wol’ and ‘Christopher Robin’ may (or may not)represent entrepreneurialidentities at a subliminal level…
‘Big picture’ questions …..?
1. From your experience, do you think the recession is over?
2. Have the recession and related events in 2008-10 permanently changed the economy and society, or will things ‘get back to normal’?
3. Are we in a ‘new era’ for entrepreneurs, with different norms?
4. If so, what does this ‘new era’ look & feel like?
5. What is the purpose of entrepreneurship education in the new era?
6. How do we, as educators, need to adapt and work differently?
What is entrepreneurial learning?
Entrepreneurial Learning
What is Enterprising or Entrepreneurial Learning?
• Learning and acting in innovative, opportunistic ways• Moving between ideas and activities: applied creativity• Recognising, creating and acting on opportunities• Social interactions for self & social learning• Imaginative use of technologies• Creating multiple forms of value• Initiating and managing organisations• Transformative, social, imaginal, emotional & experiential• Applies in a range of contexts….
Why does entrepreneurial learning matter?
• Regenerate societies & economies: innovation & wealth creation
• Creative thinking to stimulate vision, ambition and action• Enable participation in society from exclusion &
disadvantage (e.g. entrepreneurship for ex-offenders)• Develop students confidence to act in uncertainty• Lifelong learning for people to learn how to survive &
grow• Find and enact opportunities which create value from
latent resources
Personal & social
emergence
Contextual
learningNegotiated
enterprise
Entrepreneurial
learning
A model of entrepreneurial learning
A conceptual model of entrepreneurial learning based on narratives & social constructionism: – Personal and social emergence -
entrepreneurial identity– Contextual learning
- opportunity & practice through social participation
– Negotiated enterprise
- creating the venture in
concert with others
Triadic model of entrepreneurial learning: with sub-themes
Contextual
learning
Participation and joint enterprise
Negotiated meaning, structure
and practices
Narrative construction of
identity
Role of the family
Changing roles over
time
Negotiated
enterprise
Identity as practice
Personal & social
emergence
Entrepreneurial
learning
Engagement in networks of external
relationships
Tension between current and future
identity
Learning through immersion within the
industry
Practical theories of entrepreneurial action
Opportunity recognition through cultural
participation
11
Enterprise Education
Entrepreneurship
Leading to Innovation and The Creation of New Value
In a Subject Context
Development of Personal / Social Skills
Self Awareness
Action Orientation
Strategic Thinking
Opportunity Awareness
Practical Creativity
Collaborative Working
Employment Volunteering
The Teacher as a facilitator
Students given the autonomy to tackle self directed projects and take responsibility for their
learning
Enterprise embedded across the curricula
Pathways of Enterprise Skills
A Pedagogical Model Of Enterprise Education
With work from Professor David Rae – Lincoln University
13
Learning Outcomes:
Entrepreneurial teaching and learning should encourage the development of following skills:
1. Self Awareness: practitioners are able to understand their own values, experiences, motivations and emotional behaviours and use this knowledge to make changes in themselves.
2. Collaborative Working: Working as part of team sharing knowledge and ideas and networking with others.
3. Practical Creativity: The application of creative techniques to solving problems and generate new value (in a situational context).
4. Opportunity Awareness: The ability to explore opportunities in a range of contexts and react to them.
5. Strategic Thinking: The planning of projects / resources and evaluation of these against outcomes.
6. Action Orientation: The disposition to do; engaging with people and environments to create new value.
Entrepreneurial Learning
How do students learn most effectively?
• Creative groupwork & social learning• Emotional engagement: feel the enterprise experience• From real entrepreneurs & business owners• Practical situations & problems outside the classroom:
organisations & communities• By discovery, failure, iteration, competition• Projects with real responsibilities• Realistic assignments with ambiguity & uncertainty• Critical reflection & constructive feedback• ‘Pull’ self-learning to address their questions• Least effective: didactic lecture-theatre teaching
Entrepreneurial learning:questions for discussion
• How are entrepreneurial learning and enterprise education connected?
• How is the purpose & nature of entrepreneurship education changing?
• How useful is the value-laden ideology of ‘entrepreneur’
• e.g. in ‘not-for-profit’, public & health sectors?
• How is the role of educators changing?• How do we achieve sustainability?
Opportunity-centred entrepreneurshipProvides a methodology for entrepreneurial learning through exploring and working on
opportunities.It includes four clusters of activities:• Personal enterprise - connecting opportunities with
goals and identity • Creating & exploring opportunities• Planning to realise opportunities• Acting on opportunities
www.palgrave.com/business/rae/
Entrepreneurial Learning
Opportunity-centred entrepreneurship
Acting on
opportunity
Planning to realise
opportunity
OPPORTUNITY
CENTRED
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Creating &
exploring
opportunity
Personal enterprise
What do I want?Personal goalsSkills & strengthsConfidence & self efficacyValues & motivations
Creative thinkingExploring ideasSeeing needs as opportunitiesTaking initiative
Planning:Goals & activitiesAiming for success How-to?Who with?Resources
NetworkingCreating & using contactsCommunicating effectivelySelf marketingLearning from experience
Reflection
Generativecuriosity
Prospectiveimagination
Active & socialengagement
Entrepreneurial Learning
Every one of us is a creative person!
We can have ideas and do things with
them!
Entrepreneurial Learning
The creative learning process
1. Creative teamwork
2. Problem definition
3. Making creative connections
4. Turning ideas into opportunities
5. Designing & communicating your innovation
6. Reflecting on ‘special moments’
Entrepreneurial Learning
Winning ideas > opportunities
1. Problems & needs
3. Innovations & solutions
2. Who is it for?
4. How to make it happen
Entrepreneurial Learning
Inputs to creating opportunities
OPPORTUNITIES
Problems & needs
Resources
Capabilities
Contextual factors
Technologies
Constraints
Creativeideas
New era: new directions for entrepreneurial learning?
The new enterprise economy
• Credit crunch & recession changed all the rules• Massive risks & costs in public policy & finance• Economic & social uncertainty & change• ‘Small government’, localism & ‘Big Society’• UK economic growth lags behind competitors• City-region focus in economic development• Winners & losers? E.g. rural areas• Changes in funding for HE, students, business support• Local Enterprise Partnerships (England)• Constrained & risk-averse bank lending for businesses
Entrepreneurial Learning
A new paradigm for entrepreneurship and learning?
Old e-ship• Individualist• Neoliberal capitalism• Opportunity pursuit regardless of
consequences• Business driven: short term
profitability & growth• Value creation solely financial• Exploits & wastes resources• Exclusive role models• Masculine attributes: aggression,
power, conflict• Fuelled by debt
New e-ship• Individual-team leadership• Networked & collectivist• Socially connected & inclusive• Ethically responsible• Sensitive to resource conservation
& re-use• Multiple forms of value creation• Economically & environmentally
sustainable• Feminine values: relational,
collaborative, intuitive• Grassroots enterprise &
resourcing
See article in JSBED, 17.4
Entrepreneurial Learning
Entrepreneurial education in the new era
Dynamic learning relationships(active, social, connected)
Global economic changeLearner expectations:Personal, social, active
Volatile markets
Gov’t policy
Changing technology
Cultural changeEthics
Constrainedresources
FORMATIVE INFLUENCES CHANGING THEORIES
Outcomes: Applying learning
Purpose:educationeconomicideology
Content: What is learned
Experience: howlearning occurs
Educatorsrole
Green thinking & environmental change
Entrepreneurial Learning
The student & graduate career perspective
New era requires an enterprising mindset & skills:• Increasing competition for graduate jobs: ‘how am I different?’• Declining ’traditional’ career opportunities in professions, large &
public organisations• Career as personal enterprise:• ‘Individual capitalists’ in a connected economy:
Return on intellectual investment?• Rise of social & new era entrepreneurship• Positive thinking to see opportunities• Confidence & self-efficacy to act on them• Economic & financial literacy (debt & credit)• Need to develop self/employable attitudes, behaviours & skills
within the degree and extracurricular activities
Entrepreneurial Learning
Student journey to entrepreneurship
Key phases in venture creation – may not be completed sequentially
Learning ‘why’ triggers• Interest, curiosity• Planned learning• Response to problem or opportunity• Recognition of emergent or current need• Perception of information, knowledge or resource gap
Learning whatPersonal• Managing multiple priorities• Interpersonal relationships• Self-efficacyFunctional• Innovation• Marketing & selling• Planning & managing finance• Computing & digital media• Intellectual property & law
Learning sourcesWho• Mentors & advisors• Customers & suppliers• Peers & entrepreneursHow • Course based• Events & workshops • Experiential & discovery learning• E-learning, Internet• TV, books
‘Pull’ learning
Idea generation
Opportunityinvestigation
Planning Resourcegathering
Product/Service development
Customeracquisition
Earlytrading
New contributions to entrepreneurial learning
• New economics• Social, ethical & green enterprise• Public & corporate entrepreneurship• Female entrepreneurship• Multiculturalism & internationalism• New technologies & ways of learning • New methodological perspectives…..
Entrepreneurial Learning
Momentary perspectives:Living & learning in the moment
‘Everything that you do creatively has a moment – moments of coherence and comprehension and great communion – and then things don’t. It just changes.’
Robert Plant, singer, interview in Mojo magazine July 2010.
Recall a ‘special moment’ for you
• Think back to a significant moment in your experience
• May be from work, family, personal, education….?• What happened?• What makes it special/memorable?• How did it affect you?• What could you do as a result?• Share your story...
Entrepreneurial Learning
Living in the moment
• ‘Now’ is an important time• Moment: ‘a point in time, an instant’; ‘a turning point in a series of
events’. • We live in the moment: authentic experience & self-actualisation
situated in consciousness between past experience and future anticipation
• Creative entrepreneurs make sense and act in the moment, connecting subjective experience with wider context
• Momentary perspectives offer new understandings of entrepreneurial learning & behaviour: creativity, transformation, action.
Entrepreneurial Learning
PerceivingGenerating
meaning
Acting
‘Being’ in the moment
Entrepreneurial Learning
Generating meaning in ‘the moment’
Experience in the moment
Past recollections Future anticipations
Narrative or Kairotic timeHow do pastexperiences help makesense of the moment?
What is likely to happen?What future possibilities & opportunities are there?What action can I take?
Awareness throughSensory perceptions*
Presence in physicalenvironment
Social interactions
BehavioursTalk
Insights
CreativityIntuition
Learning
Meaning
* Sensory perceptions:Visual, hearing, touchtaste, smell
Experiential memory Prospective imagination
Emotions
Entrepreneurial Learning
Creative
Idea
Inspiration
Opportunity
Problem
Future possibility
Innovation
Encounter
Social interaction
Meeting
Discovery
New knowledge
Learning
Types of entrepreneurial moments
Incident!
Entrepreneurial Learning
Creative
Idea
Inspiration
Opportunity
Problem
Future possibility
Innovation
Encounter
Social interaction
Meeting
Discovery
New knowledge
Learning
Responding in the moment
Emotion
Feelings
Positive: liking, pleasure, trust
Negative: fear, dislike
Cognition
Add to/draw on memory
New knowledge
Learning
Identity
Being: who you are & aspire to be
Narrative: story you tell
Action
Knowing what & how to act
Behaviour
Impact & self-awareness
Judgement!
Entrepreneurial Learning
Learning in the moment
• How do we create ‘special moments’?• How to capture, share, learn within & from special moments as
educators?• How to enable learners to perceive, judge & act effectively in the
moment?• Use technology to share moments – twitter• Build understanding of entrepreneurial behaviour through
momentary perspectives
You can help:• Recall a ‘special moment’ from your experience• Share your ‘special moment’ through online anonymous
questionnaire:
http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/VDV6KGT
Questions – Impact, influence, investment
1. What are the likely effects of WAG & UK govt. & budget policies?2. How can we influence local & institutional policies:
• New enterprises & small firms?• Universities & enterprise education?
3. What is the purpose of entrepreneurship education in the new era? 4. How can we demonstrate its impact at educational, economic, and
business levels?5. How can we create sustainable business models for entrepreneurship
education? 6. What is the case for investing resources in it? 7. How can we enable new jobs to be created? e.g.
• Graduates?• Small firms?• Public sector downsizing?• Social enterprises & new form organisations?• Extend working lives?