VU Research Portal
Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Quality of life and cost-effectiveness oftreatmentvan Litsenburg, R.R.L.
2012
document versionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Link to publication in VU Research Portal
citation for published version (APA)van Litsenburg, R. R. L. (2012). Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Quality of life and cost-effectiveness oftreatment.
General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright ownersand it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.
• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ?
Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.
E-mail address:[email protected]
Download date: 09. Mar. 2021
!"#$%&'()*
+,--#'.(/(0&1&'#2(3456,55471
Chap
ter 1
0
!"#!"##$%&'(')*+*%$,'-./0"//.1+
$%&&'()*
2*-.$3%.0'0$+0*%'./'%$%*4'5++"$,,&'$61"3'789'0:.,-%*+'$%*'-.$;+1/*-'<.3:'$0"3*',&#=:1!
6,$/>0' ,*"?*#.$' @5AAB' .+' 3:*'C*3:*%,$+-/4' !"%D.D$,' 1E'5AA':$/' ;%*$3,&' .#=%1D*-'1D*%'
3:*'=$/3'-*0$-*/'$+-'/"%D.D$,'./'*F=*03*-'31'%*$0:'G9H'.+'3:*'+*$%'E"3"%*4'I:./'/"00*//'
:$/',*$-'31'$'/3%1+;*%'*#=:$/./'1+'13:*%'1"301#*'#*$/"%*/'6*/.-*/'/"%D.D$,J'/"0:'$/'
@,1+;K3*%#B'#1%6.-.3&J'L"$,.3&'1E',.E*'@M1AB'$+-'01/3K*N*0>D*+*//'1E'3%*$3#*+34'I%*$3!
#*+3'E1%'5AA'./',1+;'$+-'.+3*+/.D*4'2%1/=*03/'$%*';11-'6"3'5AA'./'/>,,'$',.E*K3:%*$3*+.+;'
.,,+*//'3:$3'./'D*%&'-*#$+-.+;'1+'=$>*+3/'$+-'3:*.%'=$%*+3/4'I:*'%*=1%3/'1+',$3*'*N*03/'
$%*'+13' %*$//"%.+;J'<.3:':.;:' %$3*/'1E'=:&/.0$,'$+-'=/&0:1/10.$,'#1%6.-.3&J'*/=*0.$,,&'
.+'=$>*+3/'3:$3'%*0*.D*-'.%%$-.$>1+J'.+':.;:K%./?'=$>*+3/'$+-'.+'=$>*+3/'<.3:'%*,$=/*/4'
OD*+'3:1";:'M1A'.#=%1D*/'.+'/"%D.D1%/'1E'5AAJ'.3';*+*%$,,&'%*#$.+/',1<*%'3:$+'.+':*$,3:&'
0:.,-%*+J'*/=*0.$,,&'1+'=/&0:1/10.$,'-1#$.+/4' P+'1%-*%'31' .#=%1D*'M1A'-"%.+;'$/'<*,,'
$/'$Q*%'3%*$3#*+3J'.3'./'.#=1%3$+3'31'"+-*%/3$+-'3:*'*N*03'1E'5AA'$+-'.3/'3%*$3#*+3'1+'
M1AJ'3:*'-*D*,1=#*+3'1E'M1A'1D*%'>#*J'$+-'3:*'%./?'E$031%/'$//10.$3*-'<.3:'.#=$.%*-'
M1A'1%'.+/"R0.*+3'%*01D*%&4'
S*/.-*/'0,.+.0$,'*+-=1.+3/'3:$3'$%*'%*,*D$+3'31'3:*'.+-.D.-"$,'1%'3:*'<:1,*'5AA'=$>*+3'
=1=",$>1+'@/"%D.D$,J'#1%6.-.3&J'M1ABJ'13:*%'*+-=1.+3/'/"0:'$/'3:*'01/3K*N*0>D*+*//'1E'
3%*$3#*+3'$%*'#1%*'%*,*D$+3'31'/10.*3&4'P3'./',.?*,&'3:$3'E"%3:*%'=%1;%*//'.+'3:*'/"%D.D$,'
1E'=*-.$3%.0'5AA'<.,,'/,1<'-1<+'$+-'3:$3'E"3"%*'.#=%1D*#*+3'1E'3%*$3#*+3'<.,,'.+D1,D*'
+*<' $+-' *F=*+/.D*' 3*0:+1,1;&' $+-' #*-.0$>1+4' I:*' =%*//"%*' 1+' ,.#.3*-' @T+$+0.$,B'
%*/1"%0*/'<$%%$+3/'0$%*E",'*D$,"$>1+'1E':*$,3:0$%*'01/3/' .+'%*,$>1+'31'3:*'*N*03/'1E'
+*<'.+3*%D*+>1+/'1+'/"%D.D$,J',$3*'*N*03/'$+-'M1A4'
I:./'3:*/./'E10"/*/'1+'3:*/*'3<1'$/=*03/'1E'0$%*'.+'=*-.$3%.0'5AAU'T%/3,&'3:*'-*D*,1=!
#*+3'1E'M1A'1E'0:.,-%*+'-"%.+;'$+-'$Q*%'5AA'3%*$3#*+3'$+-'3:*'@0:$+;*'.+B'-*3*%#.!
+$+3/'1E'M1AJ'$+-'/*01+-,&'3:*'01/3K*N*0>D*+*//'1E'3:*%$=&4'
+,'-./(* !' -*/0%.6*/' 3:*' 6$0?;%1"+-' 1E' 3:./' 3:*/./U' #*-.0$,' $/=*03/' 1E' 5AAJ' 3:*'
$-D*%/*'*N*03/'1E'3%*$3#*+3J'M1AJ'/,**='$+-'*01+1#.0'*D$,"$>1+/4'
"#$0,'-./(*1'3:*'%*/",3/'1E'$'/&/3*#$>0'%*D.*<'1E'L"$+>3$>D*'M1A'%*/*$%0:'.+'0:.,-%*+'
-"%.+;'$+-'$Q*%'3%*$3#*+3' E1%'5AA'$%*'-./0"//*-4'I:*'/3"-.*/'/:1<'3:$3'M1A' ./'=11%'
-"%.+;' 3%*$3#*+3' $001%-.+;' 31' 613:' =$>*+3/' $+-' =$%*+3/J' 6"3' .#=%1D*/' $+-' +*$%,&'
%*$0:*/':*$,3:&'+1%#/'.+'/"%D.D1%/'E1%'#1/3'-1#$.+/4'2$%*+3/'3*+-'31'%$3*'3:*'M1A'1E'
3:*.%'0:.,-%*+',1<*%'3:$+'0:.,-%*+'-1'3:*#/*,D*/4'5001%-.+;'31'=$%*+3K%*=1%3/J'=:&/.0$,'
M1A'./'3:*'#1/3'E%*L"*+3,&'@VVHB'$N*03*-'-1#$.+'-"%.+;'3%*$3#*+3J'E1,,1<*-'6&'=/&!
0:1/10.$,'M1A'@WXHB'$+-'1D*%$,,'M1A'@8VHB4'!*,EK%*=1%3/'.+-.0$3*'.#=$.%*-'=:&/.0$,'M1A'
.+'XVHJ'*#1>1+$,'M1A'.+'YXHJ'/10.$,'M1A'.+'Y8H'$+-'1D*%$,,'M1A'.+'8VH'-"%.+;'3%*$3!
#*+34'2$%*+3/'1E'/"%D.D1%/'%*=1%3'.#=$.%*-'=/&0:1/10.$,'M1A'.+'8XH'$+-'1D*%$,,'M1A'.+'
89H4'!"%D.D1%/'%$3*'3:*.%'M1A'31'6*'/.#.,$%'31'3:*'+1%#'E1%'#1/3'/0$,*/J'$+-'6*Z*%'1+'
!"#$%&'()*!"#
+,-.#/(0,12(3"&(4&%",5,/,6.-#/(78#/.%9(,:(%"&(.;-/85&5(+%85.&+(<#+(,=&;(+8>,$?4#/@(
"#4$&'.;6(%"&(#>./.%9(%,(5'#<(A'4(-,;-/8+.,;+(,;(5&%&'4.;#;%+(,:(0,12(
!"#$%&'+(B(#;5(C(5&+-'.>&(%"&('&+8/%+(,:(#(/#'6&(/,;6.%85.;#/(+%859@(<".-"(<#+(#;(#55D
,;(+%859(%,(%"&(;#?,;#/(E11)*(%'&#%4&;%($',%,-,/( :',4(%"&(F8%-"(!"./5",,5(G;-,/!
,69(H',8$(IF!GHJ2($%&'()*+,(:,-8++&+(,;(0,1(#;5(.%+(5&%&'4.;#;%+(58'.;6(.;58-?,;(
%'&#%4&;%2(E--,'5.;6(%,($#'&;%+@(0,1(,:(%"&(-"./5'&;(<#+(+.6;.A-#;%/9(/,<&'(%"#;(%"&(
;,'4@(%"&(&K&-%(+.L&+(<&'&(/#'6&(#;5(%"&(5.K&'&;-&+(<&'&(-/.;.-#//9('&/&M#;%2(N"9+.-#/(
0,1(<#+(4,'&(,=&;(#K&-%&5(%"#;($+9-",+,-.#/(0,1(#;5($#.;(<#+(:'&78&;%/9('&$,'%&52(
O4$#.'&5(0,1(<#+(4,+%(,=&;(#++,-.#%&5(<.%"(,/5&'(-"./5'&;(#;5(:&4#/&(6&;5&'2(E/+,@(
:#%"&'D'&+$,;5&;%+( +&&4&5( %,( "#M&( #( /,<&'( 0,1( $&'-&$?,;( -,4$#'&5( %,( 4,%"&'D
'&+$,;5&;%+2( 3"&( :,//,<D8$(,:( %".+( -,",'%(8;?/( +",'%/9(#=&'( %"&(&;5(,:( %'&#%4&;%( .+(
5.+-8++&5(.;(-%&'()*+"2(O%(5&+-'.>&+(%"&(-"#;6&(.;(0,1(#;5(.%+(5&%&'4.;#;%+(>#+&5(,;(
$#'&;%D$',P9( #++&++4&;%+2( 0,1( .4$',M&5( 58'.;6( %'&#%4&;%@( >8%( 6&;&'#//9( '&4#.;&5(
/,<&'(%"#;(.;("&#/%"9(-"./5'&;2(3"&(5&%&'4.;#;%+(,:(0,1(-"#;6&5@(:',4(4,+%/9(5&4,!
6'#$".-(M#'.#>/&+(58'.;6( %"&(&#'/9($"#+&+(,:( %'&#%4&;%( %,(4#.;/9( %'&#%4&;%D.;%&;+.%9(
'&/#%&5(:#-%,'+(58'.;6(:,//,<D8$2(QRDE11(-"./5'&;(<&'&(4,+%(#%('.+S(:,'("#M.;6(.4$#.'&5(
0,1(#;5(+",<&5(%"&(/&#+%('&-,M&'9(,:(0,12(Q.6"&'(&58-#%&5($#'&;%D$',P.&+("#5(#(/,<&'(
$&'-&$?,;(,:(-"./5(0,1(%"#;(/,<&'(&58-#%&5($#'&;%+2(
3"&(&K&-%(,:(-9-/.-(%'&#%4&;%(<.%"(%"&(6/8-,-,'?-,+%&',.5(5&P#4&%"#+,;&(,;(0,1(.+(
5.+-8++&5(.;(-%&'()*+.2(T&-#8+&(6/8-,-,'?-,+%&',.5+(#'&(S;,<;(%,(-#8+&($"9+.-#/(+.5&D
&K&-%+(#+(<&//(#+(&4,?,;#/(#;5(>&"#M.,'#/($',>/&4+@(.%(<#+("9$,%"&+.L&5(%"#%(.%+(8+&(
<,8/5(;&6#?M&/9(.;U8&;-&(0,12(O;(#(48/?D-&;%&'(-,",'%(,:($#?&;%+(%'&#%&5(#--,'5.;6(%,(
%"&(F!GH($',%,-,/(E11V@(%"&(5&M&/,$4&;%(,:(0,1(58'.;6(%"&(+&-,;5(9&#'(,:(%'&#%4&;%(
<#+(&M#/8#%&52(E--,'5.;6(%,($#'&;%D$',P.&+@(0,1(<#+(+.6;.A-#;%/9(/,<&'(.;(-"./5'&;(<.%"(
E11(-,4$#'&5(%,("&#/%"9(-"./5'&;2(GM&'#//(0,1(5.5(;,%(-"#;6&(58'.;6(%"&(+&-,;5($#'%(
,:(%'&#%4&;%2(G;(-&'%#.;(5,4#.;+(",<&M&'@(+8-"(#+($#.;@(-,6;.?M&(:8;-?,;.;6@(&4,!
?,;@(>&"#M.,'(#;5($"9+.-#/( :8;-?,;.;6@(0,1(5&-'&#+&5(,M&'(?4&2(N#'&;%+(#+(<&//(#+(
$#?&;%+('&$,'%&5(%"#%((5&P#4&%"#+,;&(.;5&&5("#5(#;(.4$,'%#;%(;&6#?M&(.;U8&;-&(,;(
"#$%&
'(&-%&'()*+#( %"&('&/#?,;+".$(>&%<&&;(+/&&$(#;5(0,1(<#+( .;M&+?6#%&5( .;(#(-,",'%(
,:(E11)*($#?&;%+2(F.+%8'>&5(+/&&$(.;(-#;-&'(.+(#(-,44,;(-/.;.-#/(,>+&'M#?,;(#;5(%"&(
78#;?A-#?,;(,:(.%+(&K&-%(,;(0,1(-,8/5($',M.5&($,++.>./.?&+(:,'(.4$',M&4&;%(,:(0,1(
%"',86"(%'&#%4&;%(,:(+/&&$($',>/&4+2(W/&&$(<#+(#++&++&5(<.%"($#'&;%#/(78&+?,;;#.'&+(
58'.;6( 4#.;%&;#;-&( %'&#%4&;%2( 3,( #//,<( :,'( %"&( $,%&;?#/( &K&-%( ,:( %'&#%4&;%( <.%"(
5&P#4&%"#+,;&@(%<,(#++&++4&;%+(<&'&($&':,'4&5X(58'.;6(#;5(#=&'(5&P#4&%"#+,;&(
%'&#%4&;%2( !"./5'&;(<.%"(E11("#5(4,'&( +/&&$($',>/&4+( %"#;("&#/%"9( -"./5'&;2( W/&&$(
$',>/&4+(<&'&(:,8;5(,;(%"&(.%&4+(>&5?4&('&+.+%#;-&@(+/&&$(#;P.&%9@(;.6"%(<#S&;.;6(
#;5($#'#+,4;.#+2(Y,8;6&'(-"./5'&;("#5(4,'&(+/&&$($',>/&4+(%"#;(,/5&'(-"./5'&;2(Z,(
+%#?+?-#//9(+.6;.A-#;%(5.K&'&;-&+(<&'&(:,8;5(.;(+/&&$(58'.;6(,'(#=&'(5&P#4&%"#+,;&@(
Chap
ter 1
0
!"#!"##$%&'(')*+*%$,'-./0"//.1+
2"3' 34./'#.543'2*'$6%.2"3*-' 31' 34*'/$#7,*' /.8*'$/'134*%' /3"-.*/'4$9*' :1"+-'/"04'$+'
*;*03<'=#7$.%*-'/,**7'>$/'$//10.$3*-'>.34'>1%/*'?1@<'A4./'/3"-&'/41>/'34$3'.#7$.%*-'
/,**7'./'01##1+'-"%.+5'B@@'3%*$3#*+3'$+-'34$3'.3'#$&'2*'$'01+3%.2"C+5'-*3*%#.+$+3'31'
.#7$.%*-'?1@D'7%19.-.+5'$'71//.2.,.3&':1%'.+3*%9*+C1+<'
$%&'()*+#'-./0"//*/'34*'%*/",3/'1:'$'/&/3*#$C0'%*9.*>'1:'"C,.3&'/01%*/' .+'7*-.$3%.0'
B@@<' EC,.3&' /01%*/' $%*' -*%.9*-' :%1#' 7%*:*%*+0*F2$/*-' 4*$,34F%*,$3*-' G"$,.3&' 1:' ,.:*'
HIJ?@K'#*$/"%*/'$+-'01#2.+*'4*$,34'/3$3"/'>.34'01##"+.3&'7%*:*%*+0*/<'EC,.C*/'0$+'
2*'"/*-':1%'34*'0$,0",$C1+'1:'G"$,.3&'$-L"/3*-',.:*'&*$%/'H?B@MK<'?B@M'$%*'9$,"$2,*' .+'
*01+1#.0'*9$,"$C1+/'2*0$"/*'34*&'.+01%71%$3*'34*'5$.+*-',.:*'&*$%/'$/'>*,,'$/'34*'G"$,!
.3&'34*%*1:D'$+-'34"/'$,,1>':1%'#1%*'.+:1%#*-'-*0./.1+'#$N.+5<'A4*'$9$.,$2,*'*9.-*+0*'
:1%'"C,.3&'/01%*/'.+'7*-.$3%.0'B@@D'41>*9*%D'3"%+/'1"3'31'2*'/7$%/*'$+-'#*341-1,15.0$,,&'
/"217C#$,<'=+:1%#$C1+'1+'"C,.3&'/01%*/'.+'/41%3F3*%#'/"%9.91%/'1:'B@@'./',$0N.+5<'A4*'
"/*'1:'34*/*'*O./C+5'"C,.3&'/01%*/'.+'H,1+5.3"-.+$,K'*01+1#.0'*9$,"$C1+/'>1",-'>$%%$+3'
*O3*+/.9*'/*+/.C9.3&'$+$,&/*/<'
"#$,%&'()*+-D'?1@'$+-'"C,.3&'/01%*/'1:'/41%3F3*%#'B@@'/"%9.91%/'$%*'%*71%3*-<'P$%*+3F
7%1O&'%*71%3/'>*%*'01,,*03*-'.+'$'0%1//F/*0C1+$,'/.+5,*'0*+3%*'0141%3'/3"-&'"/.+5'34*'
!"#$%&'()$*)"+',-."/'0#12'3'HIE=QK<'B,341"54'+1'.#7$.%#*+3/'>*%*'%*71%3*-':1%'RST'
1:'34*'/"%9.91%/D'34./'/3"-&'/"55*/3/'$'0,.+.0$,,&'%*,*9$+3'2"3'+13'/3$C/C0$,,&'/.5+.U0$+3'
-*0%*$/*-'19*%$,,'?1@'.+'/41%3F3*%#'B@@'/"%9.91%/<'A4*'%*/",3/'1:'34./'/3"-&'01#7,*3*'
34*'$9$.,$2,*'.+:1%#$C1+'1+'7*-.$3%.0'B@@'"C,.3&'/01%*/D'$,341"54'%.51%1"/',1+5.3"-.+$,'
/3"-.*/'31'$//*//'"C,.3&'/01%*/'-"%.+5'$+-'$V*%'3%*$3#*+3'1:'7*-.$3%.0'B@@'$%*'/C,,'+*0*/!
/$%&<
W.+$,,&D' .+',%&'()*+.' 34*'%*/",3/'1:'34*'%*3%1/7*0C9*'01/3F*;*0C9*+*//'$+$,&/./'$%*'
-./0"//*-<' B' /.+5,*F0*+3*%' 0141%3' 1:' UV&' 04.,-%*+' 3%*$3*-' >.34' 04*#134*%$7&' 1+,&'
$001%-.+5'31'34*'XYZ)'7%13101,/'B@@['$+-'B@@S\'>$/'.+0,"-*-<'Y4.,-%*+'3%*$3*-'>.34'
/3*#'0*,,'3%$+/7,$+3$C1+'H!YAK'>*%*'*O0,"-*-<'A4*'#1/3'.#71%3$+3'-.;*%*+0*/'2*3>**+'
2134'7%13101,/'>*%*'34*'"/*'1:'#1%*'*O7*+/.9*'#*-.0$C1+'H7*5&,$3*-'$/7$%$5.+$/*K'
$+-'34*'.#7,*#*+3$C1+'1:'$'+*>'-.$5+1/C0'3*04+.G"*':1%'#1+.31%.+5'%*/71+/'31'3%*$3!
#*+3'H#.+.#$,'%*/.-"$,'-./*$/*',*9*,/K' .+'B@@S\<'B,,'-.%*03'#*-.0$,'01/3/'#$-*'-"%.+5'
3%*$3#*+3D' .+0,"-.+5'341/*'.+'/$3*,,.3*'41/7.3$,/D'>*%*'-*3*%#.+*-<'Y1/3/'7*%' ,.:*'&*$%'
/$9*-' H@M!KD' 2$/*-' 1+' +$C1+$,' ]F&*$%' *9*+3' :%**' /"%9.9$,D' $+-' 34*' 01/3F*;*0C9*+*//'
%$C1' 1:' B@@S\'>*%*' 0$,0",$3*-<' Y1/3/' >*%*' 4.54*%' :1%' 7$C*+3/' 3%*$3*-' $001%-.+5' 31'
B@@S\' 2"3' /"%9.9$,' >$/' 2*6*%<' I1/7.3$,' $-#.//.1+/' $+-' #*-.0$C1+' >*%*' .#71%3$+3'
-%.9*%/'1:'19*%$,,' 01/3/D' $+-'>*%*'4.54*%' .+'B@@S\<'Y1/3/'7*%' @M!'>*%*'^SD[R_' HB@@[K'
$+-'^_DR]]'HB@@S\K'$+-'34*'01/3F*;*0C9*+*//'%$C1'>$/'^`D_S]<'A4./'>$/'>*,,'>.34.+'
$00*73*-'%$+5*/'1:'01/3F*;*0C9*+*//<
!"#$%&'()*!"#
$%&%'()*+,-./--,0&*
!"#"$%&'"()*%+*,%-
+,( -&,&'#.( %"&'&( /&&0/( %1( 2&( #( %'&,3( %14#'3/( 50$'16&0&,%( 17(819( 5,( $&35#%'5:( ;99(
$#<&,%/(#/(<0&(/5,:&(35#-,1/5/(5,:'&#/&/(=:"#$%&'(>?@(;(/505.#'(%'&,3(4#/(/&&,(5,(;99)*(
$#<&,%/(%"#%(4&'&(%'&#%&3(45%"(:"&01%"&'#$A(1,.AB(#.%"1C-"(/"1'%.A(#D&'(%"&(&,3(17(
%'&#%0&,%(819('&0#5,&3(50$#5'&3(:10$#'&3(%1(%"&(,1'0(1,(%"&(0#E1'5%A(17(310#5,/(
=:"#$%&'/( F( #,3( G?@( H&0#'I#2.AB(819( 353( ,1%( 50$'16&( #,3( &6&,( 3&:'&#/&3( 1,( /10&(
310#5,/(3C'5,-(%"&(.#/%(A&#'(17(;99J(%'&#%0&,%B(4"5:"(:1,/5/%(17(:"&01%"&'#$A(1,.A(
%'&#%0&,%( #/(4&..( =:"#$%&'( K?@( H&#/1,/( 71'( %"&/&(35L&'&,:&/( :1C.3( 2&( %"&( '&3C:<1,(
17(%'&#%0&,%(5,%&,/5%A(5,(;99)*MNH($#<&,%/(=#21C%(>KO(17(#..(;99)*($#<&,%/?(#,3(%"&(
35L&'&,%(-.C:1:1'<:1/%&'513(/:"&3C.&(5,(;99)*(:10$#'&3(%1(;99J@(;99J(0#5,%&,#,:&(
%'&#%0&,%( :1,/5/%&3( 17( %41(4&&I/( 17( 3&P#0&%"#/1,&( &6&'A( /&6&,( 4&&I/( Q>RB( 4"5.&(
;99)*(0#5,%&,#,:&( %'&#%0&,%( 71'(SHM$#<&,%/( :1,/5/%&3(17( T6&( :1,/&:C<6&(3#A/( 17(
3&P#0&%"#/1,&(&6&'A(%"'&&(4&&I/@(U&("A$1%"&/5V&(%"#%(%"&(/"1'%&'(;99)*(-.C:1:1'!
<:1/%&'153(/:"&3C.&(#W&,C#%&/(%"&(35L&'&,:&/(5,(/A0$%10/(3C'5,-($&'513/(1,(#,3(1L(
-.C:1:1'<:1/%&'153/B(%"&'&2A(50$'165,-(819(#$$'#5/#.B(/&&(X1P()*@)@
102*!34!*8C#.5%A(17(957&(35L&'&,:&/(5,(;99J(#,3(;99)*Y(.&//1,/(%1(2&(.&#',&3
Z,&(17(%"&(35L&'&,:&/(2&%4&&,(%"&(;99J(#,3(%"&(;99)*($'1%1:1.(5/(%"&(:1'<:1/%&'153('&-50&,B(/&&(T-C'&/(J@)(#,3(J@>@(;99J(
0#5,%&,#,:&(%'&#%0&,%(:1,/5/%&3(17(%41(4&&I/(17([(0-\0"#3&P#0&%"#/1,&($&'(3#A(&6&'A(/&6&,(4&&I/(Q>R@(+,(;99)*(1,.A(SH(
$#<&,%/('&:&56&3(:A:.5:(:1'<:1/%&'153(%"&'#$A(3C'5,-(0#5,%&,#,:&Y([(0-\0>(3&P#0&%"#/1,&($&'(3#AB(&6&'A(%"'&&(4&&I/(71'(T6&(
:1,/&:C<6&(3#A/@(]"&(&L&:%(17(%"&/&(3&P#0&%"#/1,&('&-50&/(1,(819("#/(2&&,(35/:C//&3(5,(:"#$%&'/(K(#,3([@(]"&(35L&'&,:&(5,(
&L&:%(1,(819(2&%4&&,(%"&/&(%41('&-50&,/(5/(17(5,%&'&/%(%1(/C$$1'%(3&:5/51,/(#21C%(:1C,/&.5,-(#,3B(5,(%"&(#2/&,:&(17(&L&:%(1,(
/C'656#.(#,3(01'2535%AB(7C%C'&(%'&#%0&,%($'1%1:1./@(^1'(%"5/($C'$1/&(4&(:10$#'&3(%"&(1,M3&P(#,3(1LM3&P(819("#.74#A(%"&'#$A(
2&%4&&,(:"5.3'&,(%'&#%&3(#::1'35,-(%1(;99J(#,3(;99)*@(]"&('&/C.%/($'&/&,%&3(5,(:"#$%&'/(K(#,3([(4&'&(C/&3(71'(%"5/(#,#.A/5/@(]"&(
%'&#%0&,%('&-50&,/(#%(%"&(<0&(17(21%"(/%C35&/(4&'&(/505.#'B(5,/17#'(%"#%(21%"($'1%1:1./(5,61.6&3(0&':#$%1$C'5,&B(0&%"1%'&P#%&(
#,3(65,:'5/<,&@(]"&(35L&'&,:&/(2&%4&&,(;99J(#,3(;99)*(4&'&(#,#.A/&3(C/5,-(,1,M$#'#0&%'5:(%&/%/(=S#,,MU"5%,&A(_?@(
]"&(;99)*(:1"1'%(:1,/5/%&3(17()`(:"5.3'&,(#,3(%"&(;99J(:1"1'%(17()K(:"5.3'&,@(a#'&,%M$'1PA('&$1'%&3(819(#/(0&#/C'&3(45%"(%"&(
-&,&'5:(!"5.3(b&#.%"(8C&/<1,,#5'&(4#/(.14&'(3C'5,-(3&P#0&%"#/1,&($&'513/(5,(:"5.3'&,(%'&#%&3(#::1'35,-(%1(;99J(:10$#'&3(%1(
;99)*(1,(#..(/:#.&/(&P:&$%($"A/5:#.(7C,:<1,5,-(#,3(7#05.A(:1"&/51,@(]"5/(4#/(#(,1,M/5-,5T:#,%(%'&,3(71'(01/%(/:#.&/B($'12#2.A(3C&(
%1(%"&(/0#..(/#0$.&(/5V&/B(&P:&$%(71'(0&,%#.("&#.%"(=$c*@*GK?B($#'&,%#.(&01<1,#.(50$#:%(=$c*@*>?(#,3(%"&($/A:"1/1:5#.(/C00#'A(
/:1'&(=$c*@*>?@(dC'5,-($&'513/(45%"1C%(3&P#0&%"#/1,&(%"&'&(4#/(#(,1,M/5-,5T:#,%(%'&,3(71'($#'&,%/(%1('&$1'%(#(2&W&'(819(71'(
;99J($#<&,%/(:10$#'&3(%1(;99)*($#<&,%/(1,(#..(/:#.&/(&P:&$%(2135.A($#5,@(]"&(35L&'&,:&(5,(/:1'&/(2&%4&&,($&'513/(1,(#,3(1L(
3&P#0&%"#/1,&(4#/(0C:"(/0#..&'(5,(;99)*(:10$#'&3(%1(;99J@(]"5/(4#/(/%#</<:#..A(/5-,5T:#,%(71'(%"&(71..145,-(/:#.&/Y(2&"#651'(
=$c*@**e?B(0&,%#.("&#.%"(=$c*@**`?B(/&.7M&/%&&0(=$c*@*>?B(7#05.A(#:<65<&/(=$c*@*)?(#,3(%"&($/A:"1/1:5#.(/C00#'A(/:1'&(=$c*@*F?@(
a#'&,%M$'1PA('&$1'%&3(819(#/(0&#/C'&3(45%"(%"&(35/&#/&(/$&:5T:(a&35#%'5:(8C#.5%A(17(957&(+,6&,%1'A(!#,:&'(6&'/51,(4#/(-&,&'#..A(
.14&'(5,(%"&(;99J(:1"1'%(:10$#'&3(%1(;99)*@(]"5/(4#/(/%#</<:#..A(/5-,5T:#,%(1,.A(3C'5,-($&'513/(1,(3&P#0&%"#/1,&(#,3(1,(%"&(
71..145,-(/:#.&/Y($'1:&3C'#.(#,P5&%A(=$c*@*>?B(%'&#%0&,%(#,P5&%A(=$c*@*>?B($"A/5:#.(#$$&#'#,:&(=$c*@*>?(#,3(16&'#..(819(=$c*@**G?@(
]"&(35L&'&,:&(5,(819(1,(#,3(1L(3&P#0&%"#/1,&(2&%4&&,(;99J(#,3(;99)*(4#/(.&//(1C%/$1I&,(%"#,(45%"(%"&(!b8@(N<..B(%"&(
35L&'&,:&(4#/(/5-,5T:#,%.A(.#'-&'(5,(;99J(71'(%"&(/:#.&/($#5,(=$c*@*F?(#,3(16&'#..(819(=$c*@*>?(%"#,(5,(;99)*@
Z7(:1C'/&B(%"5/(5/(#,(#,#.A/5/(17(:1,65&,:&@(]"&(;99J(#,3(;99)*(:1"1'%/(#'&(,1%(&,<'&.A(:10$#'#2.&Y(%"&(;99J(:1"1'%(4#/(/.5-"%.A(
A1C,-&'(=K@ef>@[(A&#'/(6&'/C/([@efF@F(A&#'/?(#,3(%"&($&':&,%#-&(17(21A/(4#/("5-"&'(=KFO(6&'/C/(GGO?B(#.%"1C-"(%"&/&(35L&'&,:&/(
4&'&(,1%(/%#</<:#..A(/5-,5T:#,%(=$c*@>G(#,3($c*@eFB('&/$&:<6&.A?@(g1(/#0$.&(/5V&(:#.:C.#<1,(%1(3&%&:%(35L&'&,:&/(2&%4&&,(
;99J(#,3(;99)*(4#/(3&%&'05,&3(2&71'&"#,3@(;./1B(0&%"131.1-5:(h#4/(5,(%"&(;99J(/%C3AB(5@&@(%"&(/&,35,-(17(iC&/<1,,#5'&/(71'(
#//&//0&,%(17(%"&($&'513(1,(#,3(1L(3&P#0&%"#/1,&(5,(1,&(0#5.5,-B(0#A("#6&(.(%1(#,(5,:'&#/&(5,(%"&('&$1'%&3(35L&'&,:&/B(
/&&(:"#$%&'(K@(g&6&'%"&.&//B(%"&/&('&/C.%/(/C--&/%(%"#%(%"&(;99)*(3&P#0&%"#/1,&('&-50&,(./(%1(.&//(hC:%C#<1,(5,(819(3C'5,-(
0#5,%&,#,:&(%"&'#$A(#,3(%"#%(819(4#/(-&,&'#..A(.14&'(5,(;99J@(;//C05,-(%"#%(01'&(7'&iC&,%(3&P#0&%"#/1,&(:1C'/&/(17(/"1'%&'(
3C'#<1,(31(,1%(,&-#<6&.A(#L&:%(/C'656#.(#,3(01'2535%AB(%"5/(/:"&3C.&(/"1C.3(2&(7#61'&3(16&'(.&//(7'&iC&,%B(.1,-&'(:1C'/&/(17(
3&P#0&%"#/1,&(5,(7C%C'&(;99($'1%1:1./@(
Chap
ter 1
0
!"#!"##$%&'(')*+*%$,'-./0"//.1+
21#$.+/'*/3*0.$,,&'$4*05*-'-"%.+6'5%*$5#*+5'7*%*'38&/.0$,'91:'$+-'3$.+';08$35*%/'
<='>'$+-'?@='$/'01#3$%*-'51'3/&081/10.$,'91:' .+'/"%A.A1%/';08$35*%'B@C'D' ,17'91:'E1%'
3$.+'7$/'E%*F"*+5,&'%*31%5*-'-"%.+6'58*'*$%,&'38$/*/'1E'5%*$5#*+5'$/'7*,,'$/'.+'/81%5G
5*%#' /"%A.A1%/' ;08$35*%/' <=' >=' ?' $+-' H@C' I*/*$%08'1+'3$.+' -"%.+6' $+-' $J*%' 3*-.$5%.0'
D::'./'/0$%0*='K"5'K*L*%'3$.+'#$+$6*#*+5'01",-'8*,3'51'.#3%1A*'91:'MNBB='NB<OC'P5'./'
.#31%5$+5'51'+15*'58$5'*A*+'581"68'91:'.#3%1A*-'1A*%'Q#*'.+'58*'#$R1%.5&'1E'3$Q*+5/='
/81%5,&'$J*%'5%*$5#*+5'91:'6*+*%$,,&'%*#$.+*-',17*%'58$+'.+'8*$,58&'08.,-%*+';08$35*%/'
>'$+-'H@C'S%*A.1"/'/5"-.*/'8$A*'$,/1'%*31%5*-'$+'.#3$.%*-'91:'.+'/81%5G5*%#'/"%A.A1%/'
M<?='HB='NTN='NNUO='78*+'.5'./',.V*,&'58$5'3$Q*+5/'/Q,,'+**-'51'%*01A*%'E%1#'58*'38&/.0$,'
$+-'3/&081/10.$,'*4*05/'1E'5%*$5#*+5C'D,/1='3$%*+5$,'$-R"/5#*+5'51'58*'01#3,*Q1+'1E'
58*.%'08.,-W/'0$+0*%'5%*$5#*+5' ./'1J*+'$001#3$+.*-'K&' .+0%*$/*-'-./5%*//'$+-'E*$%'1E'
%*0"%%*+0*'MB<O='78.08'0$+'K*'%*,$5*-'51'.#3$.%*-'08.,-'91:'MX>='UN='NBTOC'91:'/**#/'51'
E"%58*%'.#3%1A*'.+',1+6;*%@'5*%#'/"%A.A1%/='$,581"68'.5'./'/Q,,',17*%'58$+'8*$,58&'3**%/'
1+'/1#*'-1#$.+/';08$35*%'B@C'P5'./'.#31%5$+5'51'.-*+QE&'3$Q*+5/'$5'.+0%*$/*-'%./V'1E'$'
,17*%'91:='1%'3$Q*+5/'7.58'.+/"Y0.*+5'%*01A*%&'1E'91:C'Z+17,*-6*'1+'-*5*%#.+$+5/'
1E'91:'7.,,',*$-'51'K*L*%'%*016+.Q1+'1E'58*/*'3$Q*+5/'$+-'7.,,'/"K/*F"*+5,&'$,,17'E1%'
*$%,&'01"+/*,.+6'$+-'.+5*%A*+Q1+/'51'.#3%1A*'91:C'
$%&%'()*+*&,-./-0.1
P5'./'.#31%5$+5'51'%*$,.[*'58$5'+15'1+,&'#*-.0$,'A$%.$K,*/'0$+'K*'%*,$5*-'51'91:='K"5'58$5'
91:' 0$+'$,/1'K*' .+\"*+0*-'K&' .+5*%#*-.$5*'A$%.$K,*/=' /"08'$/' 58*' 08.,-'$+-'3$%*+5/'
A$%.$K,*/'*]3,1%*-'.+'58./'58*/./';^6"%*'NTCN@C'_$08'1E'58*/*'A$%.$K,*/'0$+'.+\"*+0*'91:='
*.58*%'-.%*05,&'1%'58%1"68'.+5*%$0Q1+'7.58'*$08'158*%C'`/.+6'58*'A$%.$K,*/'.-*+Q^*-'.+'
58./'58*/./'$+-'.+'58*'*]./Q+6',.5*%$5"%*'MNHHO='7*'3%131/*'$'58*1%*Q0$,'#1-*,'1E'91:'.+'
3*-.$5%.0'D::'3$Q*+5/='78.08'./'K$/*-'1+'58*'#1-*,'K&':$08'*5'$,CMNHUO'1+'91:'.+'3*-.!
$5%.0'*3.,*3/&'3$Q*+5/';^6"%*'NTCN@C'a8./'01+0*35"$,'#1-*,'0$+'K*'"/*E",'$/'$'/0.*+Q^0'
K$/./'E1%'E"%58*%'%*/*$%08='$'6".-*'E1%'+*7'8&3158*/*/'1%'E1%'5*/Q+6'8&3158*/*/='$+-'51'
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0$1"&'%#2%)1/
3 45%/$)%6$&16$%601$(7&5102&85,#*9
&&*+/0%&,:&&$5%/$)%6$9&$1)%&016"%&
&&;1/86,010
3 <$/$%7&,6&$5%/$)%6$9&0#5=1=,59
!"#$%&"
3 4(*%&,:&$5%/$)%6$7&0$%)3"%..&&
&&&$5/60*./6$/$1,69&",5$1",0$%5,1;09&
'''!$()*+,"!$%-
3 45%/$)%6$&$,>1"1$(
?,3),5-1;1$(
3 .+,"!'/0,!*1)02'0*1()+)*1&
3 4$+"'"55"0+&@/5%6$3"+1.;&A;10B/85%%)%6$
?+1.;7&
3 C%),85/*+1"0
3 <.%%*
3 6&-0,*&*0)$#'
5710+)*1)18
@/5%6$D01-.1680D:/)1.(7
3 C%),85/*+1"0
3 <,"1,%",6,)1"&0$/$#0
3 6&-0,*&*0)$#'
5710+)*1)18
3 9"()0$#'0*1()+)*1&
3 6$!"1+)18
:*;;71)+-<
3 =0,**#
3 >!)"1(&?'&*0)$#'
&7%%*!+
3 @*&%)+$#?'
;"()0$#'%"!&*11"#
!"#$%&'()*(+%*,
-,.%/#$(*#/&)01 23&,04,.%#&,(5#0%#6$,1 7"&/)4,
2)34'%-!56!-b1+0*35"$,'#1-*,'1E'F"$,.5&'1E',.E*'.+'3*-.$5%.0'D::'3$Q*+5/C
P5*#/'.+'!"#$!%&'8$A*'+15'K**+'58*'/"KR*05'1E'%*/*$%08'.+'58./'58*/./C
!"#$%&'()*!"#
&+$,-'&(.#/0#,('&,#1-2/"3$/4(52(.,323.#,(/&627/(%"3/(8-9&,(.#2(:&(0/&9(#/(#(7039&,32&(;-'(
.-02/&,327(#29(32<-,<&8&2%(-;(/$&.3=.("&#,%".#'&(/&'<3.&/4(
!"#$%&'()&%*+,-
>'&#%8&2%(32%&2/3%?(3/(.,&#',?(#(9&%&'832#2%(-;(@-A(90'327(%'&#%8&2%4(!"3,9'&2(B3%"(#(
"37"&'C'3/D(EAA(F#29(%"0/(32%&2/3=.#1-2(-;(%'&#%8&2%G("#<&(8-'&(38$#3'&9(@-A(F."#$!
%&'/(HI(J(#29(KG4(E2(3,,0/%'#1-2(-;(%"&($-/31<&(&L&.%(-;('&90.1-2(-;(%'&#%8&2%(32%&2/3%?(
32(."3,9'&2(B3%"(#( ,-BC'3/D(EAA(B#/(9&8-2/%'#%&9(:?(%"&(8-'&('#$39('&.-<&'?(-;(@-A(
32(EAA)*CMN($#1&2%/(#/(.-8$#'&9(%-(ON(#29(PN($#1&2%/I(#,%"-07"(&<&2(32(%"3/(7'-0$(
-2(8-/%(/.#,&/(@-A(B#/(2-%(?&%(2-'8#,3Q&9(32(/"-'%(%&'8(/0'<3<-'/4(R%"&'(32<&/17#%-'/(
"#<&('&$-'%&9(/383,#'(#//-.3#1-2/(ST*I()*HU4(>"&($"#/&(-;(%'&#%8&2%(-'(18&(/32.&(93#7!
2-/3/I(B"3."(.#2(:&(/&&2(#/(9&'3<#1<&/(-;(%'&#%8&2%(32%&2/3%?I(#'&(&V0#,,?(#//-.3#%&9(
B3%"(@-A(F."#$%&'/(WI(HI(J(#29(KG4(>"&'&(#'&(2-(/%093&/(9&93.#%&9(%-(%"&(#//&//8&2%(
-;(@-A(32('&,#$/&9(EAA($#1&2%/4(M&<&'#,(.-"-'%/(-;(83+&9(93#72-/&/(32.,09327($#1&2%/(
B3%"(#29(B3%"-0%('&,#$/&(B&'&(32<&/17#%&9(;-'(%"&(&L&.%(-;('&,#$/&(-2(@-AI(:0%(%"&/&(
'&$-'%/(#'&( .-2X3.127(#29( 3%( 3/(02/0'&(B"&%"&'( %"&(&L&.%/( ;-029(.#2(2-%(:&( ,#'7&,?(
#Y'3:0%&9(%-(-%"&'(93#72-/3/(%"#2(EAA(#29(B"&%"&'(%"&(#:/&2.&(-;(&L&.%/(3/(.#0/&9(:?(
#(,#.D(-;($-B&'(ST)I()*WI()T*I()T)U4((((
M$&.3=.(&,&8&2%/(-;(%"&'#$?(#,/-(32X0&2.&(@-AI(/0."(#/(M!>(F."#$%&'(JG(SZHI()*WU(#29(
7,0.-.-'1.-/%&'-39/(F."#$%&'(KG(SZZI()*[U4(5%(3/($-//3:,&(%"#%(-%"&'(&,&8&2%/(-;(%"&'#$?(
"#<&(#2(&L&.%(#/(B&,,I(/0."(#/(<32.'3/12&(%"'-07"(%"&(3290.1-2(-;($&'3$"&'#,(2&0'-$#%"?I(
#,%"-07"(%"3/(&L&.%("#/(%-(9#%&(2-%(:&&2(-:\&.1=&9(S][U4(N#93#1-2(%"&'#$?I(#,%"-07"(
2-(,-27&'(#($#'%(-;(;'-2%C,32&(%"&'#$?(;-'(%"&(;#'(8#\-'3%?(-;($#1&2%/I("#/(:&&2(#//-.3!
#%&9(B3%"(B-'/&(@-A(S)*WI()Z)U4(5%(/1,,(2&&9/(%-(:&(.-2/39&'&9(#('&,&<#2%(9&%&'832#2%(-;(
@-A(32($#1&2%/(%"#%('&.&3<&9(#(M!>I(32(,-27F&'G(%&'8(/0'<3<-'/(#29(32('&,#$/&9($#1&2%/4(
>'&#%8&2%(%-+3.3%?(-'(9#?/(/$&2%(32(%"&("-/$3%#,(#/(#(.-2/&V0&2.&(-;(.-8$,3.#1-2/(
"#<&(:&&2(2&7#1<&,?(#//-.3#%&9(B3%"(@-A(32(EAA)*(F."#$%&'/(H(#29(JG(#/(B&,,(#/(32(-%"&'(
/%093&/(S))JU4(A#%&(&L&.%/I(B"3."(.-0,9(:&('&7#'9&9(#/(%'&#%8&2%(%-+3.3%?(#/(B&,,I("#<&(
:&&2(#//-.3#%&9(B3%"(@-A(32(8-/%(/%093&/(S))TI()]]I()T*I()T)U4(R%"&'(."'-23.(.-2931-2/(
"#<&(:&&2(,32D&9(%-(@-A(32(#(83+&9(93#72-/3/(.-"-'%(S)*WU4(
./*",0"#$&*"(1&,$&2'"-
!"3,9(9&8-7'#$"3.(;#.%-'/(%"#%("#<&(:&&2(9&/.'3:&9(%-(32X0&2.&(@-A(-;($&93#%'3.(EAA(
$#1&2%/( #'&( 7&29&'( #29( #7&4( ^&8#,&( $#1&2%/( #'&( #%( #( "37"&'( '3/D( -;( 38$#3'&9(@-AI(
90'327( %'&#%8&2%( F."#$%&'(JG(#/(B&,,( #/(#_&'B#'9/( S]WI()*HU4(>"3/( %'&29( 3/(#,/-( /&&2(
#.'-//(-%"&'(%?$&/(-;($&93#%'3.(.#2.&'(S)TWU4( 5%(/&&8/("-B&<&'I(%"#%(%"3/(&L&.%( 3/(2-%(
/$&.3=.(;-'(."3,9"--9(.#2.&'4(529&&9I(3%(3/(#,/-(;-029(32(%"&("&#,%"?($-$0,#1-2(S)THU4(
M32.&("&#,%"?($-$0,#1-2/(#'&(0/&9(#/(:&2."8#'D/(;-'(2-'8#,(@-AI(-2&(.-0,9(#//08&(
%"#%( ,-B&'(@-A( /.-'&/( 32( ;&8#,&/( 3/(2-'8#,4( >"&(&L&.%(-;( ."3,9(#7&(-2(@-A(9&$&29/(
Chap
ter 1
0
!"!!"##$%&'(')*+*%$,'-./0"//.1+
1+'23*'415'-1#$.+'/2"-.*-6'71"+8*%'03.,-%*+'*9:*%.*+0*'#1%*':%1;,*#/'<.23'$+9.*2&'
.//"*/' $+-' 01##"+.0$=1+>'<3.,*' 1,-*%' 03.,-%*+'3$?*' $' ,1<*%' 1?*%$,,'415' $+-'#1%*'
:%1;,*#/'.+'$%*$/'%*8$%-.+8'018+.=1+>'<1%%&>':$.+'$+-':3&/.0$,'415'@03$:2*%'AB6'C,-*%'
$8*' $2' -.$8+1/./' 3$/';**+' ,.+D*-' 21' $' ,1<*%'415';&'123*%' .+?*/=8$21%/' EFGHI6' J3*/*'
-.K*%*+0*/' .+' $K*02*-' $%*$/' 0$+' ,$%8*,&' ;*' *9:,$.+*-' ;&' -*?*,1:#*+2$,' -.K*%*+0*/6'
L3.,-'-*#18%$:3.0'?$%.$;,*/'<*%*>'31<*?*%>'1?*%%",*-';&'123*%'-*2*%#.+$+2/'/"03'$/'
2%*$2#*+2'.+2*+/.2&'$+-':$%*+2$,'*-"0$=1+'.+'1"%',1+8.2"-.+$,'/2"-&'@03$:2*%'MB6'
N'%*,$=?*,&'+*<'$%*$'1O'%*/*$%03'.+'03.,-311-'N55'./'/,**:6'P*'O1"+-'.#:$.%*-'/,**:'
21';*'$//10.$2*-'<.23',1<*%'415'@03$:2*%'QB6'R?*+'231"83'/,**:':%1;,*#/'3$?*';**+'
.-*+=S*-';*O1%*'.+'N55':$=*+2/'EMF>'FHA>'FMAI>'23./'<$/'23*'S%/2'/2"-&'21'%*,$2*'.#:$.%*-'
/,**:'21'.#:$.%*-'4156'T2'%*#$.+/'21';*'*,"0.-$2*-'<3*23*%'23./'./'$'0$"/$,'$//10.$=1+'
$+-' 21'<3$2'*92*+-'123*%'?$%.$;,*/' .+U"*+0*' 23./' %*,$=1+/3.:>';"2' 23*' 2%*$2#*+2'1O'
/,**:':%1;,*#/':%1#./*/'21';*'$+'.+2*%*/=+8'211,'.+'23*'.#:%1?*#*+2'1O'4156
C23*%' 03.,-' O$021%/' 23$2' 0$+':1//.;,&' -*2*%#.+*'415>' ;"2' 3$?*'+12' ;**+' .+0,"-*-'
.+' 23./' 23*/./>' .+0,"-*':/&031/10.$,' O"+0=1+.+8' .+' 23*';%1$-*/2' /*+/*6' T+' /"%?.?1%/'1O'
N55>' /#$,,*%'-./0%*:$+0.*/';*2<**+'<3$2'$':$=*+2'<1",-'<$+2' 21'-1'$+-' ./' $;,*' 21'
-1>'%*U*0=+8'23*'*K*0=?*+*//'1O'23*'*#:,1&*-'01:.+8'/2%$2*8.*/>'$%*'%*:1%2*-'21';*'
$//10.$2*-'<.23'$';*V*%'415'EWXI6'T+'/"%?.?1%/'1O'03.,-311-'0$+0*%>'01:.+8'./'$//10.$2*-'
<.23'415'EFGMI6'N':1/.=?*'01:.+8'/2&,*'<.23':1/.=?*'*9:*02$=1+/'1O'23*'O"2"%*'EFGXI'
$+-'/2%1+8*%'%*,.$+0*'1+'23*':3&/.0.$+'EFGQI'3$?*';**+'O1"+-'21';*'$//10.$2*-'<.23'$'
;*V*%'4156'Y:'21'-$2*>'+1'/2"-.*/'$//*//.+8'23*'*K*02'1O':/&031/10.$,'O"+0=1+.+8'1+'
415'.+'03.,-%*+'-"%.+8'2%*$2#*+2'O1%'N55'3$?*';**+':";,./3*-6'C23*%'03.,-'?$%.$;,*/'23$2'
3$?*'+*.23*%';**+'.+?*/=8$2*-'.+'N55>'+1%'.+'123*%':*-.$2%.0'-.$8+1/./>';"2'23$2'3$?*'
;**+'%*,$2*-'21'415'.+'03.,-%*+'<.23'*:.,*:/&'$%*'O1%'*9$#:,*'/10.$,'/D.,,/'$+-'/*,OZ<1%23'
EF[[>'F[GI6'
J3*' $?$.,$;,*' ,.2*%$2"%*' 1+' 23*' %1,*' 1O' 23*' :$%*+2$,' -*#18%$:3.0' ?$%.$;,*/' $8*' $+-'
8*+-*%' ./'01+U.0=+86'\$%*+2$,'$8*'<$/'$//10.$2*-'<.23'$'O*<'415'/0$,*/' .+'1"%'/2"-&'
$+-'8*+*%$,,&'O1,,1<*-'23*'03.,-'$8*'2%*+-'@03$:2*%/'A'$+-'MB6'J<1'123*%'/2"-.*/'.+?*/!
=8$2*-'23*'*K*02'1O':$%*+2$,'$8*'$+-'8*+-*%'.+'0131%2/'1O'#.9*-'-.$8+1/*/6'C+*'/2"-&'
%*:1%2*-'+1'*K*02'1O';123'-*2*%#.+$+2/'EFH]I>';"2'23*'123*%'O1"+-'$':1/.=?*'*K*02'1O'
3.83*%'$8*'1+':3&/.0$,'415'$+-'$':1/.=?*'*K*02'1O'#$,*':$%*+2$,'8*+-*%'1+'*#1=1+$,'
415'EF]HI6'J3*'1::1/.2*'<$/'O1"+-'.+'1"%'/2"-&>'.+'<3.03'O$23*%Z%*/:1+-*+2/'%*:1%2*-'
$'/.8+.S0$+2,&',1<*%'415'@03$:2*%'AB6'J3*'*K*02'1O'23*/*':$%*+2$,'-*#18%$:3.0/'<$/>'
31<*?*%>'+12'23*'#$.+'1;^*0=?*'1O'$+&'1O'23*/*'/2"-.*/'$+-':1//.;,*'01+O1"+-*%/'@/"03'
$/':$%*+2$,':/&031/10.$,'3*$,23B'<*%*'+12'$001"+2*-'O1%6'J3*%*O1%*>'.2'./'-._0",2'21'-%$<'
$+&'/1,.-'01+0,"/.1+/'%*8$%-.+8'23*'.+U"*+0*'1O':$%*+2$,'$8*'$+-'8*+-*%'1+'415'1O'23*'
03.,-6'
!"#$%&'()*!"#
!+,-./0,1('&234%2("#5&(6&&,('&$+'%&7('&1#'7.,1(7&'.5#05&2(+8(2+/.#4(&/+,+9./(2%#%32(
:;<;=>(23/"(#2(".1"&2%($#'&,%#4(&73/#0+,(#,7("+32&"+47(.,/+9&>(#,7(%"&.'(#22+/.#0+,(
?.%"(@+AB(C.1"&'("+32&"+47(.,/+9&("#2(6&&,(#22+/.#%&7(?.%"(#(6&D&'(@+A(.,(/".47'&,(
?.%"(EAA(+,(%'&#%9&,%( F)*GHB( I,(+3'(EAA)*(2%37J(:/"#$%&'2(G(#,7(K=(".1"&'(&73/#%&7(
$#'&,%2('&$+'%&7(#(4+?&'(@+AB(E2(".1"&'(&73/#0+,("#2(6&&,(#22+/.#%&7(?.%"(.,/'&7(
"%"( 2&#'/"( 6&"#5.+'( F)LKH>(?&( "J$+%"&2.M&( %"#%( ".1"&'( &73/#%&7( $#'&,%2(9#J( 6&(
6&D&'(.,8+'9&7(#6+3%($+22.64&(4#%&(&N&/%2(#,7('.2O(+8('&4#$2&>(#,7(#'&(%"&'&8+'&(9+'&(
?+''.&7(#6+3%(%"&(83%3'&>(4.,1(%+(#($&'/&$0+,(+8(4+?&'(@+AB(P".2(#22+/.#0+,(?#2>(
"+?&5&'>(,+%('&$+'%&7(6J(+%"&'(#3%"+'2(FQ*HB(
;+9&($#'&,%#4(7&%&'9.,#,%2(%"#%("#5&(,+%(6&&,(.,/437&7(.,(%".2(%"&2.2("#5&(J.&47&7(
.,%&'&20,1('&234%2(.,('&4#0+,(%+(@+A(.,($&7.#%'./(+,/+4+1JB(E2$&/%2(+8($#'&,%#4($2J/"+2+!
/.#4(83,/0+,.,1(23/"(#2(7&$'&22.+,>(?+''.&2>($2J/"+2+/.#4(7.2%'&22(#,7($#'&,%#4(@+A("#5&(
#44(6&&,(4.,O&7(%+(?+'2&(/".47(@+A>(.,($'+RJS#22&229&,%2(#2(?&44(#2(.,(2&48S#22&229&,%2(
FTK>(Q)>()L*HB(U#'&,%#4(+$09.29(.2(#22+/.#%&7(?.%"(6&D&'(@+A(FTVHB(!".47'&,(.,(#(9.R&7(
7.#1,+20/(/+"+'%(?&'&('&$+'%&7(%+("#5&(#( 4+?&'(@+A(?"&,($#'&,%2(+'(2.64.,12("#7(#(
/"'+,./("%"(/+,7.0+,(F)*LHB(U#'&,0,1(2%'#%&1.&2("#5&(6&&,(4.,O&7(%+(@+A(.,(EAA(FTKH(
#,7($#'&,0,1(2%'&22("#2(6&&,('&4#%&7(%+(4+?&'(@+A(F)QTHB(
P"&(&N&/%(+8(/+993,.%J(5#'.#64&2(+,(@+A>(23/"(#2(2/"++4(83,/0+,.,1>(8'.&,72(#,7(
2+/.#4(23$$+'%>("+2$.%#4(#,7(9&7./#4($&'2+,,&4>("#5&(,+%(6&&,(2%37.&7(6J(32>(,+'(.,7&&7(
6J(#,J( .,5&201#%+'2( .,($&7.#%'./(EAAB( ;+9&(?+'O( .,( %".2(W&47("#2(6&&,($&'8+'9&7( .,(
#734%( 23'5.5+'2( +8( '&0,+64#2%+9#>(?"./"( .,7./#%&2( %"#%( 2/"++4( 6344J.,1( .2( #22+/.#%&7(
?.%"(4+?&'(@+A(F)QVHB(
X.,#44J>(#,(.9$+'%#,%($"&,+9&,+,(%"#%(.2(,+%(/#$%3'&7(6J(%".2(9+7&4(+8(.,%&'9&7.#%&(
5#'.#64&2( .2( %"&( :7.2=#1'&&9&,%(6&%?&&,($#'&,%#4( #,7( 2&48( &5#43#0+,(+8(@+AB(E2("#2(
6&&,(7.2/322&7(.,(%"&(.,%'+73/0+,(%+(%".2(%"&2.2(:/"#$%&'()=>($#'&,%2(#,7(/".47'&,(7+(
+Y&,(,+%(#1'&&(+,(@+A>(&2$&/.#44J('&1#'7.,1(%"&(9+'&(236Z&/05&(7+9#.,2B(I8($#'&,%2(
#'&(3,#?#'&(+8(%"&.'(/".47[2(#,R.&0&2>( 8&#'2(#,7(&9+0+,#4(&R$&'.&,/&2>(%"&J(/#,(,+%(
+N&'(%"&9(+$09#4(23$$+'%(#,7($#'&,0,1(F)VQHB(P".2(7.2/'&$#,/J(6&%?&&,(/".47(#,7(
$#'&,%#4(5.&?(+8(@+A(.2(%"&'&8+'&(,+%(+,4J(#,(.,%&'&20,1(+62&'5#0+,>(63%(#42+(#($+%&,!
0#4(.,2%'39&,%(8+'(/+3,2&4.,1(#,7($'+8&22.+,#4(23$$+'%B(
!"#$#%&"'()*+,*-#$'#.'/(0&*12&"'344'12(*1%($1
E2( .4432%'#%&7( .,( %"&( .,%'+73/0+,( %+( %".2( %"&2.2>( &5&,( %"+31"($&7.#%'./( /#,/&'( .2( '#'&(
#,7(/+2%2(#'&('&4#05&4J(4+?>(&/+,+9./(&5#43#0+,2(+8(/#,/&'(%'&#%9&,%2(#'&(2044(32&834(
#,7(,&/&22#'J(%+(9#O&( .,8+'9&7(7&/.2.+,2B( I%( .2( 4.O&4J(%"#%(%"&($'+1'&22(+8(23//&22( .,(
$&7.#%'./(EAA(?.44(24+?(7+?,(.,(83%3'&(J&#'2(#,7(%"#%(.%(?.44(.,/'.,14J(.,5+45&(:/+2%4J=(
,&?(%&/",+4+1.&2(#,7(9&7./#0+,B(</+,+9./(&5#43#0+,2(+8( .,%&'5&,0+,2( .,($&7.#%'./(
+,/+4+1J( #'&( 2044( .,( .%2( .,8#,/JB( ( ;+9&(7#%#(+,( #734%(EAA( .2( #5#.4#64&>( 63%( %".2( .2( ,+%(
/+9$#'#64&(%+($&7.#%'./(EAA(6+%"(.,(%&'92(+8(%'&#%9&,%(#,7(.,(%&'92(+8(&N&/%2(F\)HB(I,(
Chap
ter 1
0
!"#!"##$%&'(')*+*%$,'-./0"//.1+
02$34*%'56'$'01#3%*2*+/.7*'01/48*9*0:7*+*//'$+$,&/./'1;'42*'-.%*04'#*-.0$,'01/4/'1;'<=='
4%*$4#*+4'>.42'02*#142*%$3&'1+,&'./'3%*/*+4*-?'@+'42./'$+$,&/./6'42*'21/3.4$,'3*%/3*0!
:7*'>$/' "/*-' 41' $//*//' $,,' 01/4/?' A1>*7*%6' B"402' C".-*,.+*/' %*01##*+-' *#3,1&.+C'
42*'/10.*4$,'3*%/3*0:7*'.+'*01+1#.0'$+$,&/./'DEFG?'=.;*'&*$%/'/$7*-'H=I!J'>*%*'"/*-'$/'
1"401#*'#*$/"%*6'$,421"C2'.4'>1",-'2$7*'K**+'#1%*'$00"%$4*'41'$-L"/4'42*/*'=I!';1%'
42*'M"$,.4&'1;' 42*' ,.;*'&*$%/6'"/.+C'N<=I?'A1>*7*%6'$/' .,,"/4%$4*-' .+'02$34*%'E6' /4"-.*/'
$//*//.+C'3*-.$4%.0'<=='":,.4&'/01%*/'$%*'#*421-1,1C.0$,,&''/"K13:#$,'$+-'N<=I'>*%*'
42*%*;1%*'+14'0$,0",$4*-?'O2*'$3*04/'1;'*01+1#.0'*7$,"$:1+/'.+'3*-.$4%.0'<=='42$4'2$7*'
+14'K**+'$--%*//*-'.+'02$34*%'5'>.,,'K*'-./0"//*-'.+'#1%*'-*4$.,'K*,1>?
!"#$%&
@+'02$34*%'56'$'+1%#$,',.;*8*P3*04$+0&'>$/'$//"#*-';1%'3$:*+4/'>21'>*%*'*7*+48;%**'
/"%7.71%/'$4'Q7*'&*$%/?'R2.,-%*+'>21'%*,$3/*-'>*%*'2$+-,*-'$/'.;'-*0*$/*-?'S;'01"%/*6'
*7*+4/'#$&' /:,,' 100"%' $T*%' Q7*' &*$%/6' $,421"C2' 42*' %$4*' ./'#"02' ,1>*%' 42$+' .+' 42*'
*$%,.*%' :#*83*%.1-?' @+-**-6' $T*%' 4*+' &*$%/6' %*,$3/*/' $%*' /1' %$%*' 42$4' 42*/*' 02.,-%*+'
2$7*'K**+'%*31%4*-'41'2$7*'$'+1%#$,'/"%7.7$,'DUG?'!.+0*',$4*'*9*04/'$%*';$%',*//'01##1+'
.+' +1+8%*,$3/*-6' +1+8.%%$-.$4*-'3$:*+4/' D56' VFG6' 42*' $//"#3:1+' 42$4' 42./'>1",-' +14'
4%*#*+-1"/,&'$9*04' ,.;*'*P3*04$+0&' /**#/' ,*C.:#$4*?'R1+/.-*%.+C' %*,$3/*-'3$:*+4/6'
/"%7.7$,'%$4*/'7$%&'K*4>**+'VW'$+-'XYZ'-*3*+-.+C6'$#1+C'142*%';$041%/6'1+'>2*42*%'
42*'%*,$3/*'./'*$%,&'1%'H7*%&J',$4*'DV55G?'O%*$4#*+4'1;'%*,$3/*/'.+'01#K.+$:1+'>.42'#1%*'
,$4*'*9*04/'$T*%'.%%$-.$:1+'$+-'$',1>*%'N1='#$[*/'42./'C%1"3'1;'3$:*+4/'.#31%4$+4'41'
.+0,"-*'.+';"4"%*'*01+1#.0'*7$,"$:1+/?'
\.+$,,&6' 42*'M"$,.4&' 1;' 42*' %*#$.+.+C' ,.;*8&*$%/' ./' 1;' C%*$4' .#31%4$+0*' .+' *01+1#.0'
*7$,"$:1+/?']:,.4&'/01%*/'*+$K,*'42*'M"$+:;&0$:1+'$+-'01#3$%./1+'1;'42*'01/48*9*0!
:7*+*//'1;'2*4*%1C*+*1"/'.+4*%7*+:1+/?']:,.4&'/01%*/'/21",-'42*%*;1%*'K*'-*4*%#.+*-'
>.42'0$%*6'$+-'3"K,./2*-'":,.:*/'42$4'>*%*'-*%.7*-';%1#'#*421-1,1C.0$,,&'/"K13:#$,'
/4"-.*/'/21",-'K*'$71.-*-?
'()*+#$%,-#)*$./,$0&%&
^2*+' %*/4%.0:+C' 42*' .+-.%*04' #*-.0$,' 01/4/' 41' 42*' 01/4/' 1;' -./*$/*/' %*,$4*-' 41' 42*'
3%.#$%&' 2*$,42' 01+-.:1+6' %*,$3/*/' $+-' ,$4*' *9*04/' /"02' $/' /*01+-$%&' +*13,$/#/6'
0$%-.141P.0.4&6'K1+*'41P.0.4&'$+-'1K*/.4&'$%*'#1/4'%*,*7$+4'.+'42*'0$/*'1;'3*-.$4%.0'<==?'
^.42'01+4*#31%$%&'4%*$4#*+4'3%14101,/6'$K1"4'VF8VXZ'1;'3$:*+4/'%*,$3/*'$T*%'2$7!
.+C'$02.*7*-'01#3,*4*'%*#.//.1+'DW6'V_G?''O%*$4#*+4';1%'*$%,&'%*,$3/*'"/"$,,&'.+0,"-*/'
!RO6'>2.,*'H7*%&J',$4*'%*,$3/*/'0$+'K*'#$+$C*-'>.42'02*#142*%$3&'1+,&6'-*3*+-.+C'1+'
*$%,&'4%*$4#*+4'%*31+/*'DV55G?'R1+/.-*%.+C'42*'01/4/'1;'%*,$3/*/6'1+*'0$+'$//"#*'42$4'
42*'01/4/'1;'4%*$4#*+4'>.42'02*#142*%$3&'1+,&'>.,,'K*'/.#.,$%'41'42*'01/4/'1;';%1+48,.+*'
4%*$4#*+4' $/' -*/0%.K*-' .+' 02$34*%' 5?' !1#*' %*31%4/' 01#3$%.+C' 42*' 01/4/' 1;' -.9*%*+4'
3*-.$4%.0' !RO' %*C.#*+/' $%*' $7$.,$K,*' DVYW6' WFF6' WFVG?' `1+*' #$%%1>' 4%$+/3,$+4$:1+'
!"#$%&'()*!"#
+&&,+( %-( .&( ,-'&( /-+%0&1&/23&( /-,$#'&4( %-( #55-6&7&8/( $&'8$"&'#5( .5--4( 9!:( #74(
%"&( %'#;&/%-'<( =-55->876( #(,#%/"&4( '&5#%&4( 4-7-'( %'#7+$5#7%#2-7( 8+( 5&++( /-+%5<( %"#7(
%'#;&/%-'8&+(=-55->876(?7'&5#%&4(,#%/"&4(4-7-'(%'#7+$5#7%#2-7+(-'(?7'&5#%&4(?,.858/#5(
/-'4(%'#7+$5#7%@(A7(#4?5%(5&?B&,8#C(/-+%+(-=(%'#7+$5#7%#2-7(#'&(#.-?%(%>8/&(#+("86"(#+(
%"&(/-+%+(=-'(/"&,-%"&'#$<0.#+&4('&68,&7+(D)EFGC(.?%(7-(+?/"(/-,$#'8+-7+("#3&(.&&7(
$&'=-',&4(<&%(87($&48#%'8/(5&?B&,8#@(:"&(87/84&7/&(-=(+&/-74(,#5867#7/8&+(8+(5->(#74(
%"&<(,-+%5<(-//?'( 87( 8''#48#%&4($#2&7%+( DHC()FC()IG@(987/&(-75<(#(,87-'8%<(-=($#2&7%+(
'&/&83&(8''#48#2-7(7->#4#<+C(%"&(/-+%+(-=(+&/-74#'<(7&-$5#+,+(+"-?54(7-%(/-7%'8.?%&(
+?.+%#72#55<(%-(%"&(8748'&/%(/-+%+@(JK$-+?'&(%-(#7%"'#/</587&+C(&+$&/8#55<(-3&'(F**(,6L
,M(-=(4-K-'?.8/87(-'(4#?7-'?.8/87(N&O?83#5&7%+PC(#74(8''#48#2-7(%-(%"&("&#'%('&68-7(8+(
#++-/8#%&4(>8%"(/#'48-%-K8/8%<@( A7(QRRS(#74(QRR)*(9T(#74(UT($#2&7%+C( %"&(,#K8,?,(
'&/-,,&74&4( 4-+&( -=( #7%"'#/</587&+( 8+( 7-%( &K/&&4&4C( #74( 8''#48#2-7( %-( %"&( "&#'%(
'&68-7(8+(-75<(683&7(87('&5#23&5<(+,#55(4-+&+(#+($#'%(-=(%-%#5(.-4<(8''#48#2-7(87(%"&(9!:(
+&V76( D))G@( :"&'&=-'&C( 8%( 8+( 58B&5<( %"#%( %"&(,#;-'8%<(-=(QRRS(#74(QRR)*( +?'383-'+(>855(
7-%(&K$&'8&7/&(+8678W/#7%(/5878/#5(/#'48#/( %-K8/8%<@(U-'&-3&'C( %"&(%'&74( 8+( %-(#.#74-7(
'#48-%"&'#$<( 87( %"&(9!:(%'#;&/%-'<( 87( %"&(7&#'( =?%?'&@(X+%&-7&/'-+8+C(#++-/8#%&4(>8%"(
65?/-/-'2/-+%&'-84( &K$-+?'&( D))GC( /#7( 5( %-( 8748'&/%(,&48/#5( /-+%+( .&/#?+&( -=( %"&(
7&&4( =-'( $"<+8/#5( %"&'#$<C( $#87( ,#7#6&,&7%( #74( +?'68/#5( %'&#%,&7%@( X.&+8%<( #Y&'(
/"854"--4(QRR( +&&,+( %-(.&(,-+%5<(#++-/8#%&4(>8%"( '#48#2-7( %"&'#$<C( #74( /-7Z8/276(
'&+?5%+("#3&(.&&7('&$-'%&4(#Y&'(%'&#%,&7%(>8%"(/"&,-%"&'#$<(-75<@(T#48-%"&'#$<("#+(
#5+-(.&&7(#++-/8#%&4(>8%"(%"&(,&%#.-58/(+<74'-,&@D))G(:"&+&(/-7482-7+(/#7( 5(%-(
/#'48-3#+/?5#'(#74(,&%#.-58/(48+&#+&+(+?/"(#+(48#.&%&+(,&558%?+C(#74(/-?54(%"?+(.&(#(
'&5&3#7%(=#/%-'(87(%"&(8748'&/%(,&48/#5(/-+%+@([87#55<C(=-'(%"&(,#;-'8%<(-=(QRR(+?'383-'+C(
%"&(8748'&/%(,&48/#5(/-+%+(>855(,-+%5<($&'%#87(%"&(/-+%+(-=(=-55->0?$(38+8%+(#74(%&+%+@(
!"#$%&'()(*+$,"%-.'%)/&/
\8'&/%( 7-70,&48/#5( /-+%+( #'&( %"&( /-+%+( .-'7&( .<( $#2&7%+( -'( $#'&7%+]( -?%0-=0$-/B&%(
&K$&7+&+( N+?/"( #+( -3&'0%"&0/-?7%&'( 4'?6+C(,85&( #74( $#'B876( #%( %"&( "-+$8%#5P( #74(
5-++(-=(87/-,&@(:"&'&(8+(58,8%&4(87=-',#2-7(#3#85#.5&(-7(%"8+(/-+%0/#%&6-'<@(:>-(+%?48&+(
$&'=-',&4(87(!#7#4#C(#(/-?7%'<(>8%"(#(,-'&(-'(5&++(+8,85#'("%"/#'&(+<+%&,(#+(%"&(
^&%"&'5#74+(87(>"8/"(,-+%(,&48/#5(/-+%+(#'&(=?55<(/-3&'&4(.<(/-,$?5+-'<("%"0/#'&(
$5#7+C('&$-'%&4(+?.+%#72#5(&K$&7+&+(DM*MC(M*FG@((A7()SE_C(&K$&7+&+(=-'(%"&(%-%#5(4?'#2-7(
-=(%"&'#$<(#,-?7%&4(%-(M_@*H*(!#7#48#7(4-55#'+(N!Q\P@(:"8+('&$'&+&7%+(#.-?%(I)@_)*(
!Q\(NM**EP(-'(MI@I**(&?'-+(NM**EP@(Q("86"($&'/&7%#6&(N_I`P(-=($#'&7%+("#4(%-(%#B&(2,&(
-1(>-'B(#74($#'&7%+(-=(<-?76(/"854'&7(>8%"(5&?B&,8#(>&'&(,-+%(58B&5<(%-(4-(+-@(\8'&/%(
7-70,&48/#5(/-+%+(#//-?7%(=-'(#.-?%(Ma`(-=(%"&(=#,858&+b(%-%#5(48+$-+#.5&(87/-,&@(X=(
/-?'+&C(%"&(\?%/"(+8%?#2-7(>855(7-%(.&(&72'&5<(+8,85#'C(+87/&(48+%#7/&+(%-("-+$8%#5+(#'&(
,?/"(+,#55&'(#74(/-+%+(=-'(4#85<(583876(N=-'(&K#,$5&(6#+-587&P(#'&(481&'&7%C(.?%(8%(8+(58B&5<(
%"#%(%"&(&/-7-,8/(.?'4&7(%-(=#,858&+(8+(+?.+%#72#5@(((
Chap
ter 1
0
!""!"##$%&'(')*+*%$,'-./0"//.1+
!"#$%&'()"*"+,&#$'-.)'*/(/
23./' 0$4*51%&' .+0,"-*/' 01/4/'#$-*' 61%' *7$#8,*' 61%' /8*0.$,.9*-' *-"0$:1+;' $+-' 01/4/'
$//10.$4*-'<.43'43*',1//'16'8%1-"0:=.4&'>*0$"/*'16'-./$>.,.4&'1%'-*$43?'@*"%1015+.:=*'
-*A0.4/'$%*'#1/4,&'/**+'.+'.%%$-.$4*-'8$:*+4/'BCCD'$+-'$%*'/">4,*'.+',1+5E4*%#'/"%=.=1%/'
43$4'3$=*'>**+' 4%*$4*-'<.43' 03*#143*%$8&'1+,&' BCFD?' 23*%*61%*;'<.43' 01+4*#81%$%&'
4%*$4#*+4'8%14101,/;'1+*'01",-'*/:#$4*'43$4'43*'$--.:1+$,'01/4/'61%'/8*0.$,.9*-'*-"0$!
:1+'$%*'#.+.#$,,&'.+0%*$/*-'.+'03.,-%*+'4%*$4*-'61%'GHH'$/'01#8$%*-'41'3*$,43&'03.,-%*+?'
23*%*'$%*'+1' %*81%4/'1+' 43*/*' .+-.%*04'#*-.0$,' 01/4/?'I-"0$:1+' ,*=*,/'$%*;'31<*=*%;'
%*81%4*-'41'>*',1<*%'.+'/"%=.=1%/'16'GHH'01#8$%*-'41'3*$,43&'8**%/'*/8*0.$,,&'.+'.%%$-.!
$4*-'8$:*+4/'BJ;'CKD?'I#8,1&#*+4'%$4*/'$%*'/.#.,$%'.+'+1+E.%%$-.$4*-;'+1+E%*,$8/*-'/"%!
=.=1%/'16'GHH'01#8$%*-'41'3*$,43&'8**%/?'L%%$-.$:1+'$+-'6*#$,*'5*+-*%'$%*'31<*=*%'%./M'
6$041%/'61%'"+*#8,1&#*+4'BK;'J;'CND?'L4'./'/:,,'"+0,*$%'41'<3$4'*74*+-'*#8,1&*-'/"%=.=1%/'
$%*'$>/*+4'6%1#'<1%M'-"*'41'.,,+*//'1%'-./$>.,.4&?'O.+$,,&;'.+'$+'*74*+/.=*'*01+1#.0'*=$,"!
$:1+;'43*',1//'16'8%1-"0:=.4&'16'43*'-*0*$/*-'8$:*+4/'/31",-'$,/1'>*'.+0,"-*-?'!.+0*'
1=*%$,,'/"%=.=$,'16'GHH'./'$>1"4'NPEJQR''BF;'ST;'FQUD;'CQECPR'16'$,,'8$:*+4/'-.$5+1/*-'
<.43'GHH'<.,,'+14'/"%=.=*'<3.03'./'/">/4$+:$,'.+'4*%#/'16',1//'16',1+5E4*%#'8%1-"0:=.4&?'
!"#"$%&'($%)*+,-&
#$%&'$()*+&,(-&.(/01(20/3&45&6&253)*62&7621&(8&12561.5/1&72(1(9(*':
G/'8*-.$4%.0'GHH'*=1,=*-' 6%1#'$'-./*$/*'<.43'$'-./#$,'8%15+1/./' 41'$' /*=*%*'-./*$/*'
<.43'$'=*%&'511-'03$+0*'16'0"%*;'V1H'3$/'>*01#*'.+0%*$/.+5,&'%*,*=$+4?'L+'1"%'*W1%4/'41'
%*$03'$'CQQR'0"%*'%$4*;'.4'./',.M*,&'43$4'6"4"%*'4%*$4#*+4/'<.,,'.+0%*$/.+5,&'>*'4$.,1%E#$-*'
41'43*',*"M*#.0'03$%$04*%./:0/;'43*'%*/81+/*'41'43*%$8&'$+-'43*'8$:*+4/X'-%"5'#*4$>1!
,./#?'Y%16*//.1+$,/' .+'8*-.$4%.0'1+01,15&'3$=*' ,1+5'>**+'$<$%*'16' 43*' .#81%4$+0*'16'
$-=*%/*'*W*04/'16' 43*%$8&?'23*'/&/4*#$:0'61,,1<E"8'16'0131%4/'3$/'8%1=.-*-'"/'<.43'
*//*+:$,' .+61%#$:1+' 1+' ,$4*' *W*04/;' /"03' $/' $+43%$0&0,.+*E.+-"0*-' 0$%-.1#&18$43&'
BCCD'$+-'43*'-*4%.#*+4$,'*W*04/'16'%$-.143*%$8&'1+'015+.:=*'6"+0:1+.+5'BCCD'$+-'/*0!
1+-$%&'4"#1%/'BK;'J;'CT;'CUD?'23./'0%"0.$,'.+61%#$:1+'3$/',*$-'41'$-Z"/4#*+4'16'43*%$8&;'
.+'1%-*%'41'8%*=*+4'43*/*',$4*'*W*04/'<3.,*'8%*/*%=.+5'/"%=.=$,'%$4*/?'I=*+'431"53'V1H'
3$/'%*0*.=*-'#1%*'$+-'#1%*'$[*+:1+'-"%.+5'43*'8$/4'4<1'-*0$-*/;'.4'-1*/'+14'/**#'
41'>*'/&/4*#$:0$,,&'.+0,"-*-'.+'1"%'4%*$4#*+4'8%14101,/'&*4?'\+*'01",-'$%5"*'43$4'/.+0*'
43*'#$Z1%.4&' 16' 8$:*+4/' 6",,&' %*01=*%' 1+' 83&/.0$,'V1H' -1#$.+/' $+-' .+' /1#*' /4"-.*/'
/*,6E%*81%4*-'V1H'1+'/10.$,'-1#$.+/' ./'*=*+'>*[*%' 43$+' .+'3*$,43&'8**%/;'V1H' ./'+14'
1+*'16'43*'*//*+:$,'1"401#*'#*$/"%*/'16'8*-.$4%.0'GHH?']1<*=*%;'43*'.+0,"/.1+'16'V1H'
^"*/:1++$.%*/'.+'6"4"%*'8%14101,/'./'<$%%$+4*-'61%'/*=*%$,'%*$/1+/?'O.%/4;'.+4*+/.A0$:1+'
16'43*%$8&'.+'3.53_*%`'%./M'8$:*+4/'/31",-'+14',*$-'41'$'-./8%181%:1+$,'1%'"+$00*84$>,*'
-*0%*$/*' .+'V1H;'-"%.+5' 4%*$4#*+4'1%' .+' /"%=.=1%/?'!.+0*' 43*'03$+5*/' .+'V1H'#$&'>*'
!"#$%&'()*!"#
+,-%.&/(0'(01.2('&3&#.&4(51(.0167%&'8(+,'3530'+/(9.0+&(8015%0'516(0:(;0<(5+(#+(&++&1=#.(#+(
%"&(:0..0>7,$(0:(90"0'%+(:0'(+,'353#./(80'-545%2(#14(.#%&(&?&9%+@(A&9014/(	"(1&>(&.&!
8&1%(0:(%'&#%8&1%(8#2("#3&(#(45?&'&1%(&?&9%(01(;0<@(B1(&C#8$.&(0:(%"&'#$27+$&95D9(
&?&9%+( 01(;0<( 5+( %"&( #43&'+&( &?&9%( 0:( %'&#%8&1%(>5%"( 6.,9090'=90+%&'054+( E9"#$%&'(
FG@(<0165%,451#.(:0..0>7,$(0:(;0<($'0354&+(80'&(4&%#5.&4(51:0'8#=01(01(%"&(&?&9%+(0:(
+$&95D9(&.&8&1%+(#14(9#1( 58$'03&(90,1+&.516(0:($#=&1%+(#14( %"&5'( :#85.5&+@(H5+%0'59(
901%'0.+(#'&(58$0'%#1%(%0(+&'3&(#+('&:&'&19&(%0(54&1=:2(%"&+&(%"&'#$27+$&95D9(&?&9%+@(
B1(&C#8$.&(0:("0>(45?&'&19&+(51(;0<(#+(#('&+,.%(0:(%"&'#$&,=9(&.&8&1%+(90,.4(-&(,+&4(
51(4&95+501+(#-0,%(:,%,'&(%'&#%8&1%($'0%090.+/(5+(5..,+%'#%&4(51(-0C()*@)@(I51#..2/(4,'516(
%'&#%8&1%(+$&95D9($#=&1%+(#'&(#%(6'&#%&'('5+J(0:(&C$&'5&19516(.0>(;0<(E9"#$%&'+(K(#14(
LG/(03&'#..(;0<(5+(+=..(58$#5'&4(51(+"0'%7%&'8(+,'3530'+(E9"#$%&'(MG(#14($+29"0+095#.(;0<(
'&8#51+(58$#5'&4(51(+,'3530'+(E9"#$%&'(NG@(O3&1(5:(:,%,'&(%'&#%8&1%+(40(10%(#?&9%(;0<(
51(#(1&6#=3&(>#2/(&?0'%+(+"0,.4(-&(,14&'%#J&1(%0(58$'03&(;0<@(B.+0(:0'(%"5+($,'$0+&/(
901=1,0,+(8015%0'516(0:(;0<(>5..("&.$(&3#.,#%&(%"&(&?&9%(0:(51%&'3&1=01($'06'#8+(:0'(
%"&(58$'03&8&1%(0:(;0<(#14(>5..(#..0>(:0'("5+%0'59(901%'0.+@((((((
P"&(+95&19&(0:(&9010859(&3#.,#=01+( 5+( '&.#=3&.2(,14&3&.0$&4( 51($&45#%'59(9#19&'@(
P"&(.#9J(0:(#Q&1=01(%0(%"5+(#+$&9%(0:($&45#%'59(0190.062(9#'&(8#2(-&(-&9#,+&(%"&(90+%+(
0:($&45#%'59(45+&#+&+(#'&(804&+%(908$#'&4(%0(%"&(90+%+(0:(#4,.%+/(#+(>#+('&?&'&4(%0(
51(%"&( 51%'04,9=01@(R03&'18&1%+(#14("&#.%"( 51+,'#19&(908$#15&+("#3&( .5Q.&(%0(6#51(
&9010859#..2( :'08( $&45#%'59( 5..1&++&+@( B.+0/( +&1=8&1%+( #-0,%( %"&( %'&#%8&1%( 0:( +59J(
9"5.4'&1(51(6&1&'#.(#14(9"5.4'&1(>5%"(9#19&'(+$&95D9#..2(8#2($'&3&1%(&9010859(&3#.,!
#=01+/( +519&($&0$.&( :&&.( %"#%(&3&'2%"516(+"0,.4(-&(401&(%0(9,'&( %"&+&(9"5.4'&1@( S%( 5+(
58$0'%#1%(%0('&#.5+&(%"#%(&9010859(&3#.,#=01+(#'&(T,+%(01&(0:(%"&(%00.+(%"#%(9#1(-&(,+&4(
%0(8#J&(51:0'8&4(4&95+501+(#-0,%(:,%,'&($0.592@(S%(#.+0(1&&4+(%0(-&(+%'&++&4(%"#%(9,'!
516(9"5.4'&1(:'08(9#19&'(8+(9,'516($#=&1%+(%"#%(#'&(#%(%"&(-&6511516(0:(%"&5'(.53&+@(
P"&'&:0'&/(+,'353#./(.#%&(&?&9%+(#14(;0<(+"0,.4(-&(.ᆤ(51(%"&(4&95+501+(#-0,%(:,%,'&(
51%&'3&1=01+@(P"&(&9010859(#+$&9%+(#'&(#3#5.#-.&( :0'( +,$$0'=16( %"&+&(4&95+501+@(B+(
>#+(+$&95D&4(51(%"&($'&350,+(+&9=01+/(+08&(#+$&9%+(1&&4(%0(-&(:,'%"&'(513&+=6#%&4(51(
0'4&'(:0'(&9010859(&3#.,#=01+(%0(-&(:,..2(51%&6'#%&4(51(%"&(4&95+501($'09&++@(P"&(80+%(
58$0'%#1%(#+$&9%(5+(%0(#9U,5'&(51:0'8#=01(01(,=.5%2(+90'&+(4,'516(#14(#V&'(%'&#%8&1%@(
A519&(	"(9"#16&(51(%'&#%8&1%(8#2("#3&(#1(58$#9%(01(;0<(#14(%",+(01(,=.5%2(+90'&+/(
0160516(#++&++8&1%(0:(,=.5=&+($#'#..&.(%0(#++&++8&1%(0:(;0<(+"0,.4(-&(#1(51%&6'#%&4(
$#'%(0:(#..($&45#%'59(0190.062(%'&#%8&1%($'0%090.+@(
!"#"$%&'()*+"&,-"#
W&+$5%&(%"&(901+54&'#-.&(#80,1%(0:(>0'J(%"#%("#+(#.'*(-&&1(401&(51(%"&(D&.4(0:(;0<(
51($&45#%'59(B<</(+&3&'#.(58$0'%#1%('&+&#'9"(0-T&9=3&+('&8#51(51(0'4&'(%0(#9"5&3&(%"&(
8#51(60#./(1#8&.2(%"&(58$'03&8&1%(0:(;0<(>5%"0,%(T&0$#'45X516(+,'353#.(#14(80'-545%2(
EY0C()*@NG@(I5'+%.2/(%"&(&?&9%(0:(+&3&'#.($0%&1=#.(3#'5#-.&+(01(;0<(#14(%"&(51%&'#9=01(
Chap
ter 1
0
!"#!"##$%&'(')*+*%$,'-./0"//.1+
2*34**+'35*'6$%.$2,*/'.+'35*'#1-*,'-./0"//*-'2*71%*'89:"%*';<=;>'5$6*'+13'2**+'*,"0.!
-$3*-='?5*'$6$.,$2,*'%*/*$%05'31'-$3*',*$6*/'"/'4.35'/1#*'.+3*%*/@+:'%*/*$%05'A"*/@1+/'
$+-'5&B135*/*/='C1%*'-*3$.,*-'+1%#'-$3$'/51",-'2*01#*'$6$.,$2,*'.+'3*%#/'17':*+-*%'
$+-'$:*'/B*0.90'/01%*/='!.+0*'5*$,35&'7*#$,*/'5$6*',14*%'D1E'/01%*/'.3'/**#/'.+-.0$3*-'
31'"/*':*+-*%'/B*0.90'+1%#'-$3$'.+'35*'01#B$%./1+'4.35'B$@*+3'-$3$='F1%#$,'-*6*,!
1B#*+3$,'05$+:*/'.+'05.,-%*+'0$+'2*'%*G*03*-'.+'D1E'-1#$.+/H'35*%*71%*'$:*I/B*0.90'
%*7*%*+0*/'01",-'B%16*'"/*7",='F13'#"05'./'&*3'J+14+'1+'0",3"%$,'-.K*%*+0*/'$+-'35*.%'
*K*03/'1+'D1E'B*%0*B@1+='L+'$'#",@I0",3"%$,'/10.*3&H'35./'01",-'B%16*'31'2*'41%3545.,*'
.+71%#$@1+='M*'$%*'/@,,'+13' .+71%#*-'1+'0*%3$.+'$/B*03/'17'B/&051/10.$,' 7"+0@1+.+:'
.+'2135'B$%*+3/'$+-'05.,-%*+H'/"05'$/'/10.$,'/J.,,/H' /*,7'41%35'$+-'/10.$,'/"BB1%3='?5*'
*K*03'17'B$%*+3$,':*+-*%'1+'35*'$//*//#*+3'17'05.,-'D1E'%*+-*%/'01+G.0@+:'%*/",3/H'2"3'
/.+0*'4*'1N*+'%*,&'1+'B$%*+3$,'D1E'%*B1%3/'.+'/.0J'1%'&1"+:'05.,-%*+H'35./'*K*03'./'5.:5,&'
%*,*6$+3'.+'1%-*%'31'B%16.-*'$-*A"$3*'01"+/*,.+:='O'B13*+@$,,&'.#B1%3$+3'$/B*03'35$3'
5$/'+13'%*0*.6*-'$+&'$P*+@1+'.+'35*'B*-.$3%.0'0$+0*%',.3*%$3"%*H'./'35*'*01+1#.0'2"%-*+'
17'5$6.+:'$'05.,-'4.35'OEE'$+-'.3/'*K*03'1+'05.,-'D1E='
?5*' /*01+-' %*/*$%05' 12Q*0@6*' 71%' 35*' 7"3"%*' 01+0*%+/' .+3*%6*+@1+' B%1:%$#/' 31'
.#B%16*'D1E='L+3*%6*+@1+/'$.#.+:'$3'.#B%16.+:'D1E'.+'B*-.$3%.0'0$+0*%'$%*'/@,,'/B$%/*'
2"3' $%*' *#*%:.+:=' L+3*%6*+@1+/' .+61,6.+:' 35*' 05.,-' 01",-' 710"/' 1+' .#B%16.+:' 01B!
.+:' /J.,,/H' $/' ./' 35*'$.#'17' 35*' .+3*%6*+@1+'B%1:%$#'R!"#$%&'()# 8S+'?%$0J>! TU<VW='O+'
.+3*%*/@+:'%$+-1#.X*-'3%.$,'*#B,1&.+:'$'6.-*1I:$#*'.+3*%6*+@1+'.#B%16*-'3%*$3#*+3'
$-5*%*+0*'2"3H'"+71%3"+$3*,&H'+13'D1E'TU<YW='!@,,H'35*'"/*'17'6.-*1I:$#*/'.+'.+3*%6*+!
@1+/'/**#/'B%1#./.+:'/.+0*'35./'./'7$61%.3*'B$//'@#*'71%'#$+&'05.,-%*+'$+-'3**+$:*%/='
C1%*16*%H'6.-*1I:$#*/'5$6*'B%16*+'31'2*'$+'*K*0@6*'-./3%$0@1+'71%'B$.+'TU<ZW'$+-'
35*%*71%*'01+/@3"3*'$'B13*+@$,'.+3*%6*+@1+'71%'.#B%16.+:'D1E'.+'35*'OEE'B1B",$@1+='
[1/.@6*'5*$,35'2*,.*7/'TU<\W'1%'B1/.@6*'*]B*03$@1+/'17'35*'7"3"%*'.+'B$@*+3/'T;^VW'$/'
4*,,'$/'1B@#./#'.+'B$%*+3/'TZ\W'5$6*'$,,'2**+'%*,$3*-'31'2*P*%'D1E'$+-'0$+'35*%*71%*'
2*' B$%3' 17' 7"3"%*' .+3*%6*+@1+'B%1:%$#/' $+-' 01"+/*,.+:=' [5&/.0$,' .+3*%6*+@1+/' 5$6*'
/514+'B1/.@6*'*K*03/'1+'D1E'TU<^W='?5*'D"$,.3&'17'E.7*'.+'C1@1+'8DELC>'/3"-&'01#!
2.+*/'$'B5&/.0$,'*]*%0./*'B%1:%$#'4.35'$'B/&051/10.$,'.+3*%6*+@1+'31'*+5$+0*'B5&/.0$,'
4*,,I2*.+:H'/10.1I*#1@1+$,'7"+0@1+.+:'$+-'01B.+:'TU;<W='L7'*K*0@6*H'/"05'$'B%1:%$#'
/51",-'2*' .+01%B1%$3*-' .+' /3$+-$%-' 0$%*' .+'1%-*%' 31' .#B%16*'D1E='O,351":5' /,**B' ./'
$'%*,$@6*,&'+*4'$%*$'17'%*/*$%05'4.35.+'B*-.$3%.0'1+01,1:&H'35*'9%/3'%*B1%3/'1+'/,**B'
$BB*$%'31'71,,14'35*'%*/",3/'71"+-'.+'$-",3'0$+0*%'B$@*+3/'T;_<H';_;W'$+-'/514'$'3*+!
-*+0&'71%'/,**B'31'2*'.#B$.%*-'T_;H';;\H';U`H';_`W='C1%*'%*/*$%05'.+31'35*'05$%$03*%'$+-'
$%&'!()*'a"3"%*'%*/*$%05'12Q*0@6*/
I'b6$,"$@1+/'17'35*'*K*03'17'B13*+@$,'-*3*%#.+$+3/'17'D1E'$+-'35*.%'.+3*%$0@1+
I'L+3*%6*+@1+/'31'.#B%16*'D1E
I'C*351-1,1:.0$,'.//"*/
I'b01+1#.0'*6$,"$@1+/
!"#$%&'()*!"#
&+,-+&.&/%(,0(1-&&$($',2-&.1(/&&31(%,(2&($&'0,'.&34(0,--,5&3(26(7/%&'+&/8,/1(7/9-:3!
7/;(2&"#+7,'#-(#/3($"#'.#9,-,;79#-(%"&'#$6<(=0(9,:'1&($#'&/%1(#/3(0#.7-6(#'&(9':97#-(
7/(#(9"7-3>1(5&--?2&7/;(#/3(17/9&(%"&7'($169",?1,97#-("&#-%"(71( -7/@&3(%,(%"&(9"7-3>1(A,B(
CDE4(F)4())E4()G*H4(7/%&'+&/8,/1(1",:-3(%#';&%($#'&/%1(#/3(0#.7-7&1(#1(5&--<(!,;/78+&(
2&"#+7,'#-($',;'#.1(0,'($#'&/%1(#'&(&.&';7/;(CG*I4(G))H<(J%("#1(2&&/($',+&/("&-$0:-(%,(
7/+,-+&($&37#%'79(,/9,-,;71%1( 7/( 7/%&'+&/8,/1(%,( 7.$',+&(A,B(CG)GH<(K"71(%"&171(,L&'1(
1,.&(%,,-1(0,'($&37#%'797#/1(%,(7/0,'.(#/3(&3:9#%&($#'&/%1(#/3($#8&/%1(,/(%"&(3&+&-,$!
.&/%(,0(A,B(3:'7/;(%'&#%.&/%(#/3(%"&(&L&9%(,0(1$&97M9(%"&'#$&:89(7/%&'+&/8,/1(1:9"(
#1(;-:9,9,'89,1%&'7,31(#/3(N!K<(
O(%"7'3('&1&#'9"(-7/&(1",:-3(0,9:1(,/(.&%",3,-,;79#-(711:&1(-7@&(9",79&(,0(A,B(7/1%':!
.&/%(#/3('&1$,/3&/%<(P#/6(+#-734('&-7#2-&(#/3(3&+&-,$.&/%#--6(#$$',$'7#%&(7/1%':.&/1(
#'&(/,5(#+#7-#2-&(0,'(A,B(.:'&.&/%(7/($&37#89(,/9,-,;6(CQ)4(RIH<(K"&1&(S:&18,/!
/#7'&14(",5&+&'4(#--("#+&(37L&'&/%(9"#'#9%&'71891(#/3(7%(5,:-3(2&(7/%&'&18/;(%,(3&%&'!
.7/&(5"79"(7/1%':.&/%(71(.,1%(#$$',$'7#%&(7/(1$&97M9(17%:#8,/1<(B,/;&'(7/1%':.&/%14(
1:9"(#1(%"&(!"7-3(T&#-%"(A:&18,//#7'&(9#/($',+73&(:1(57%"(.,'&(3&%#7-&3(7/0,'.#8,/(
,/(%"&(9"7-3>1(A,B4(5"7-&(%"&(.,'&(9,/971&(U&37#%'79(A:#-7%6(,0(B70&(J+&/%,'6(9#/(2&(.,'&(
:1&0:-( #/3( $#8&/%( 0'7&/3-6( 5"&/( .:-8$-&( '&$&#%&3( .:'&.&/%1( #'&( $&'0,'.&3<(
K"&(T&#-%"(V8-78&1( J/3&W( 71( 1:7%#2-&( 0,'(3&%&'.7/7/;(:8-78&1(2:%(.#6(2&( '&;#'3&3(#(
%,,(9,#'1&(7/1%':.&/%(0,'(A,B(#11&11.&/%1<(N&/178+7%6(%,(9"#/;&(71(#-1,(#/(7.$,'%#/%(
#1$&9%<(U'&+7,:1( '&1&#'9"("#1( 1",5/( %"#%( %"&(U&31AB( 71(.,'&(1&/178+&( %,(9"#/;&( 7/(
'&$&#%&3(.:'&.&/%1(%"#/(%"&(!TA(#/3(%"&(TVJ(CG)QH4(&+&/(%",:;"(7/(%"71(%"&171(%"&(
9"#/;&(7/(A,B(5#1(5&--(3&%&9%&3(:17/;(%"&(!TA<(K"&(9",79&(,0('&1$,/3&/%(71('&-&+#/%(
0,'( 1&+&'#-( ',/1X( %"&( Y371Z#;'&&.&/%( 2&%5&&/( '&1$,/3&/%1( #/3( %"&( $169",-,;79#-(
$',9&11&1(%"#%(7/[:&/9&(%"&('&1$,/3&/%1>(+7&5(,/(A,B<(K"&(711:&(,0(%"&('&1$,/3&/%("#1(
2&&/(#33'&11&3(7/(%"&(7/%',3:98,/(#1(5&--(#1(7/(%"&('&+7&5(7/(9"#$%&'(G<(K"&('&-#8,/!
1"7$(2&%5&&/(1&-0(#/3($#'&/%#-(#11&11.&/%(,0(A,B( 71( 9,.$-&W(2:%(2,%"($&'1$&98+&1(
#'&( +#-:#2-&( C)DGH<( K"&( Y371Z#;'&&.&/%(2&%5&&/($#'&/%1( #/3( 9"7-3'&/( 9,:-3($',+&(#(
:1&0:-( %#';&%( 0,'( 7/%&'+&/8,/14( #1( &W$-#7/&3( 7/( %"&($'&+7,:1( 1&98,/(,/( 7/%&'.&37#%&(
+#'7#2-&1(7/(%"&(A,B(.,3&-<(U169",-,;79#-($',9&11&1(%"#%(9#/(7/[:&/9&(A,B(#$$'#71#-(7/(
$#'&/%?$',W7&14(1:9"(#1(5,''7&1(#/3(371%'&114("#+&(2&&/(3719:11&3(7/(%"&($'&+7,:1(1&9!
8,/<(J/(1&-0('&$,'%14(7%(71(7.$,'%#/%(%,(#99,:/%(0,'(%"&($"&/,.&/,/(9#--&3('&$,/1&(1"7\<(
]&1$,/1&(1"7\(71(#(9,/1%':9%(%"#%('&0&'1(%,(#(9"#/;&(7/(#/(7/37+73:#->1(+#-:&14(7/%&'/#-(
1%#/3#'31(#/3(9,/9&$%:#-7^#8,/(,0(A,B<(O3#$8,/(%,(,'(3&/7#-(,0(37_9:-8&1( -(%,(
#/(7/[#8,/(,0(1&-0?'&$,'%&3(5&--?2&7/;<(J%(71(18--(:/9-&#'(5"&%"&'(%"71(71(#/(#3#$8+&(,'(
#(.#-#3#$8+&($"&/,.&/,/<(CG)E4(G)IH(J/(1:'+7+,'1(,0(9"7-3",,3(9#/9&'4(7%(1&&.1(%"#%(
'&1$,/1&(1"7\(.#6(7/[#%&(%"&7'('&$,'%1(,0(1,97,?&.,8,/#-(0:/98,/7/;(CG)E4(G)RH<((
`7/#--64(0:%:'&('&1&#'9"(1",:-3(0,9:1(,/(&9,/,.79(&+#-:#8,/1(,0($&37#%'79(OBB(%'&#%!
.&/%(#/3(7/%&'+&/8,/1<(J%(1",:-3(7/9-:3&(#--(#1$&9%14(7<&<(:8-7%6(19,'&14(Y7/Z37'&9%(.&37!
9#-(#/3(/,/?.&379#-(9,1%1(0',.(%"&(1,97&%#-($&'1$&98+&<(K"71(%6$&(,0('&1&#'9"(57--("&-$(
Chap
ter 1
0
!"#!"##$%&'(')*+*%$,'-./0"//.1+
$+/2*%'%*,*3$+4'5"*/61+/'%*7$%-.+7'48*'*90$0&'1:'+*2'.+4*%3*+61+/'$+-'48*.%'*;*04'
1+'<1=>'$+-'2.,,'/"??1%4'-*0./.1+/'$@1"4':"4"%*'4%*$4#*+4/A''
B:'01"%/*>'$,,'48*/*'.+4*%*/6+7'$+-'8.78,&'%*,*3$+4'%*/*$%08'5"*/61+/'$%*'@*.+7'8$#!
?*%*-'@&'48*'/#$,,'?$6*+4'?1?",$61+/'.+'?*-.$4%.0'1+01,17&A'C3*+'481"78'011?*%$61+'
@*42**+'+$61+$,'$+-'.+4*%+$61+$,'.+/64"4*/'./'+14'"+01##1+'.+'?*-.$4%.0'0$+0*%>'.4'
%*#$.+/'*//*+6$,'41'"+.4*'1"%':1%0*/'.+'1%-*%'41'$+/2*%'$,,'48*'%*#$.+.+7'5"*/61+/'$+-'
1?6#.D*'<1='$+-'E01/4F*90.*+0&'1:'4%*$4#*+4A'G8./'2.,,'@*':$0.,.4$4*-'@&'#$H.+7'<1='
$+-'"6,.4&'/01%*'/4"-.*/'$+'.+4%.+/.0'*,*#*+4'1:'$,,'4%*$4#*+4'?%14101,/':1%'08.,-%*+'2.48'
0$+0*%A'