Download - Endocrine system
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM• Composed of gland in diff. part of body
• Secrete chemical substance called HORMONE
• Acts thru receptor present on the target tissue
• Thus function to maintain homeostasis
• Feedback control
Endocrine glandTissue/gland
Body cells
Hormone
Prostaglandins(PGs)
(tissue hormone)
Function
Contract uterus & intestine
↓BP
Platelet agglutination
↓acid secretion
Respiration
Nerve impulse
GIT Cholecystokinin Contracts GB
↑gastric secretion & pancreatic juice
Kidney erythropoietin ↑RBC
Pineal gland Melatonin Skin pigmentation
Skin Vitamin D Absorption of Ca+
Thymus Thymosin T-lymphocytes
Pitutary
(hypophysis)
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic(ACTH)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH)
Body growth
Milk production
Thyroid
Ovaries & testes
Adrenal glands
Skin pigmentation
Oxytocin(OXT) Uterine contraction,Milk injection
ADH(antidiuretic hormone) ↓urine output
Parafollicular cells Calcitonin Blood ca+ level
Parathyroid gland Parathyroid hormone Blood ca+ level
Adrenal gland aldosterone
Cortisol,corticosterone,cortisone
Gonadocorticoids
Epinephrine & norepinephrine
Water & electrolyte balance
Metabolism & stress buster
Estrogens & progesterone
Stimulates ANS
Pancreas Insulin
glucagon
↓glucose
↑glucose
Ovaries Estrogen
Progesterone
Feminization
Pregnancy maintenance
Testis Androgens Sperm
Secondary sexual characteristics
Pathological conditions & signs• Pitutary dwarfism• Acromegaly • Diabetus inspidus • Cretinism:dwarf & mental retardation• Myxedema:puffy face, ↑weight• Goiter enlarged thyroid: swelling over the neck area,treatment is thyroidectomy• Hyperthyroidism/graves disease:↑T3 & T4, wt loss, • Thyroid carcinoma:papillary/medullary/follicular• Exopthlamos :protruding eye ball due to thyrotoxicosis• Hypoparathyroidism: tetany, trousseau sign & chvostek sign• Addison’s disease:hypofunction of adrenal cortex, leads fatigue, hypnatremia• Cushing’s syndrome:hypersecretion leading to moon face, buffalo hump, pendulous abdomen,
HT• Adrenogenital sundrome:female virilization,gynecomastia• Pheochromocytomas:severe HT, sweating, flushing of face• Diabetes mellitus(DM):polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia Types:Type II /NIDD,non insulin dependent diabetes,type I/IDDM(insulin dependent
diabetes, gestational diabetes• Hyperinsulinism :↑insulin, hypoglycemia• SIADH: excessive secretion of ADH• Incedentolomas:tumour in gland seen on imaging
• Insulinoma
Lab test & procedures
• Blood sugar: fasting & post meal, random
• Urine analysis: sugar, ketone bodies,hormones
• Oral Glucose tolerance test(OGTT):30min, 1hr,2&3 hrs
• Radioimmunoassay(RIA)
• Thyroid function test: t3,t4, TSH
• HbA1c:control of sugar in blood by insulin
Procedures:
HRCT:high resolution computed tomography
Exopthalmometry
Thyroid scan
Radioiodine uptake scan
Skull xray
Drugs
• Thyroid supplements:thyroxine
• Antithyroid :propylthiouracil, I131
• Growth hormone replacement:somatropin
• Diabetus inspidus: vasopressin, desmopressin
• Diabetus mellitus:insulins-rapid,intermediate, long
DNA technique:huminsulin/insucare/insuman
Oral antidiabetic drugs:glipizide,chlorpropamide,gliperimide,
Rosiglitazone, glibenclamide, Acarbose
• Corticosteroid s:hydrocortisone,prednisolone,methylprednisolone,dexamethasone,triamcinolone,deflazacort
Abbreviations • ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete its
hormones. • HGh (Human growth hormone) also known as somatotrophic hormone is
responsible for the growth of long bones, muscles and viscera. • TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) influences the structure of the thyroid and
causes it to secrete thyroid hormone. • FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates female egg production or male
sperm production. • PRL (Prolactin) in females causes the corpus luteum the area around the mature
follicle to produce two important hormones: Oestrogen and Progesterone. During pregnancy PRL is also responsible for the development of the glandular tissues of the breast which produce milk.
• LH (Luteinzing hormone) works in conjunction with FSH in females to cause ovulation and prepares the uterus for pregnancy, in males the testes to secrete testosterone.
• ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) stimulates the smooth muscles, blood vessels and the intestine. ADH increases the kidney's permeability to water allowing the body to re-absorb water that would otherwise escape in urine.
• OT (Oxytocin) stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus during pregnancy, causing it to contract during labour. It also stimulates the lacteals (milk ducts) in the breast.
• DI Diabetes Insipidus • FMTC Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma• HCG Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hormone) • I-131 Radioactive Iodine• MEN Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia - (familial) a.k.a. FMEN