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Emissions of Halogenated Compounds
in East Asia: Importance for Balancing
the Global Budgets
2011. 9. 29
Kyung Ryul KimSchool of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Emissions of Halogenated Compounds
in East Asia: Importance for Balancing
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Gosan Station (Jeju Island, Korea)
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IPCC 4th Report: Global Warming is RealReport: Global Warming is Real !
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Greenhouse Gases and Climate ChangeGreenhouse Gases and Climate Change
N
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Importance of Halogenated Compounds
Global Warming (Kyoto Protocol)Global Warming (Kyoto Protocol)
Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol)Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol)
HCFCs
HFCs
PFCsSF6
Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol)Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol)
Destruction
: refrigeration, air conditioning,
foam blowing, aerosol repellent,
Importance of Halogenated Compounds
N
Global Warming (Kyoto Protocol)Global Warming (Kyoto Protocol)
Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol)Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol)
CFCs (“Freons”)
HCFCs Halons
emissionsemissions
Solvents
(CCl4, CH3CCl3, CH3Br, etc.)
Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol)Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol)
: refrigeration, air conditioning,
foam blowing, aerosol repellent,
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1. Gases Phased out before 2000 under the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments:
Man-made ultra trace greenhouse gases
Montreal protocol controlled compounds)
1. Gases Phased out before 2000 under the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments:
CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-13, CFC-113, CFCmethyl chloroform, halon-1211, halon
2. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Controlled
Amendments: HCFC-22, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC
3. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases Not Regulated (Proposed or in Use)3. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases Not Regulated (Proposed or in Use)
HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC4. Perfluorinated Compounds:
sulphur hexafluoride(SF6), perfluoromethane, perfluoroethane, perfluoropropane
under the Montreal Protocol and its
made ultra trace greenhouse gases
controlled compounds)
under the Montreal Protocol and its
113, CFC-114, CFC-115, carbon tetrachloride,1211, halon-1301, halon-2402Controlled by the Montreal Protocol and its
HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b ….Not Regulated (Proposed or in Use): Not Regulated (Proposed or in Use):
134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a ………
), perfluoromethane, perfluoroethane, perfluoropropane
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Global Warming Threat of Halocarbons
Compound
CategoryCompound Name
Lifetime(y
ears)Category ears)
Hydroflurorcarbons (HFCs)
HFCs
HFC-134a 14
HFC-152a 1.4
HFC-23 270
HFC-32 4.9
HFC-125 29
HFC-143a 52HFC-143a 52
Perfluroinated Compounds (PFCs)
PFCs, SF6
PFC-14 (CF4) 50,000
PFC-116 (C2F6) 10,000
PFC-218 (C3F8) 2,600
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF ) 3,200
Global Warming Threat of Halocarbons
• Many AHCs are
powerful greenhouse
Global
Warming
Potential powerful greenhouse
gases (GHGs)
regulated under the
Kyoto Protocol
• Some species add
almost a permanent
radiative burden on
the atmosphere
Potential
(100yr CO2-eq)
1,430
124
14,800
675
3,500
4,470the atmosphere
• Previously emitted
from developed
countries, now
increasing in
developing countries
4,470
Perfluroinated Compounds (PFCs)
7,390
12,200
8,830
22,800
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Montreal Protocol for Protecting the Ozone
Layer
Montreal Protocol for Protecting the Ozone
• Montreal Protocol has
been successful in been successful in
stabilizing the
concentrations of ozone
depleting AHCs in the
atmosphere
- Developed countries:
complete phase-out
- Developing countries:
continued use of
interim replacements
(HCFCs)
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Emissions of Halocarbons in East Asia
Article 5” (developing) country status under the MP (CN, KR):
• slower phase-out of CFCs, CH3CCl3
• dominant consumer/emitter of interim HCFCs (Montzka et al., 2009,
Emissions from industrial production:
• HFC-23: during HCFC-22 production (CN)
• PFCs: during primary aluminum production (CN) and semiconductor
manufacture (KR, JP, TWN)
Despite importance of emissions in East Asia, actual knowledge of emissions
are scarce
Emissions of Halocarbons in East Asia
Article 5” (developing) country status under the MP (CN, KR):
3
dominant consumer/emitter of interim HCFCs (Montzka et al., 2009, GRL
22 production (CN)
PFCs: during primary aluminum production (CN) and semiconductor
Despite importance of emissions in East Asia, actual knowledge of emissions
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Key Study Focus
Understanding the emissions of halogenated compound in East Asia
• Based on accurate, high-frequency measurements encompassing all of
East Asia
• Development of various methods for quantifying regional emissions
• Analyzing emission patterns, characteristics
• Identifying East Asia’s role in the global budgets of halogenated
compounds
Understanding the emissions of halogenated compound in East Asia
frequency measurements encompassing all of
Development of various methods for quantifying regional emissions
Analyzing emission patterns, characteristics
Identifying East Asia’s role in the global budgets of halogenated
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Part 1. Measurements of GHGs at Gosan
AGAGE Network: (Advanced G
xperiment) ALE (1978)
“AGAGE is distinguished by its capability to measure
over the globe at high frequency
almost all of the important species in the
Montreal Protocol
almost all of the significant non
the Kyoto Protocol
(AGAGE brochure)
Part 1. Measurements of GHGs at Gosan
Global Atmospheric Gases
xperiment) ALE (1978) - GAGE - AGAGE
AGAGE is distinguished by its capability to measure
over the globe at high frequency
almost all of the important species in the
Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer and
almost all of the significant non-CO2 gases in
the Kyoto Protocol to mitigate climate change.”
(AGAGE brochure)
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Halogenated Species MeasurementsHalogenated Species Measurements
• Medusa GC-MS (‘07~)
• Developed by R. F. Weiss • Developed by R. F. Weiss
(SIO, UC San Diego)
• Fully automated using custom
HW/SW
• 2L sampling, 2hr inverval
• Cryofocusing module, • Cryofocusing module,
combined with GC-MSD
• Operated under the AGAGE
Network
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Part 1. Measurements of GHGs at Gosan
Halogenated Species Measurements
Part 1. Measurements of GHGs at Gosan
Halogenated Species Measurements
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AGAGE network
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Gosan Station (Jeju Island, Korea)Gosan Station (Jeju Island, Korea)
N
Jeju Island
Gosan Station
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Seasonal Wind Patterns
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International Research At GosanInternational Research At Gosan
ACE-Asia
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Scripps CO2 Network (Ralph Keeling)Network (Ralph Keeling)
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CO2 Measurements
• Flask Sampling (‘90~)• Flask Sampling (‘90~)
• Sampling 1~2 times per week
• 12C/13C/14C isotope analysis
• Scripps CO2 Network
• LOFLO CO2 Analyzer (’07 Nov.~)• LOFLO CO2 Analyzer (’07 Nov.~)
• 1min ~ 1hr average meas.
• NOAA/WMO -2007x Cal. Scale
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CO2, flask and continuous measurements, flask and continuous measurements
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CF4, SF6 Chromatograms on the Medusa GC
ms 69
Chromatograms on the Medusa GC-MS
ms 127
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Halogenated Species - CFCCFC-11
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Halogenated Species - CFCCFC-12
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Halogenated Species - CHCH3CCl3
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Halogenated Species - HCFCHCFC-22
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Halogenated Species - HFCHFC-23
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Halogenated Species - HFCsHFCs
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Halogenated Species - SFSF6
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Halogenated Species - Pollution EventsPollution Events
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Pollution and Trajectories, Jan. ‘08Pollution and Trajectories, Jan. ‘08
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Pollution and Trajectories, Jan. ‘08Pollution and Trajectories, Jan. ‘08
Winter background Winter background
trajectories
coming from
northern Asia
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Pollution and Trajectories, Jan. ‘08Pollution and Trajectories, Jan. ‘08
Pollution from China
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Pollution and Trajectories, Jan. ‘08Pollution and Trajectories, Jan. ‘08
Pollution from Korea
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48 o
60 oN
Air masses Classification Scheme at
o
N
36 oN
48 oN
oE
90oE
108oE 126
oE
144o
E
�Based on residence time
analysis of trajectories
arriving at Gosan
Air masses Classification Scheme at Gosan
arriving at Gosan
�Air mass signatures
with different source
Region including
China, Taiwan, Korea
and Japan.
� Consider residence times
of back-trajectories withof back-trajectories with
altitudes below 2000m
�If trajectory passed through
two regions, the air
mass was classified
as blended air.
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2008
Quantify Air Masses Arriving at
The most air masses were classified as The most air masses were classified as
blended air. Residence time analysis of back
is insufficient for fully separating influence of China and
Korea.
2009
Quantify Air Masses Arriving at Gosan
The most air masses were classified as China+KoreaThe most air masses were classified as China+Korea
blended air. Residence time analysis of back-trajectories
is insufficient for fully separating influence of China and
Korea.
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240
260
280
CFC
-11[p
600
800pt]
200
400
600
HC
FC
-22 [pp
10
20
30
40
FC
-32[p
pt]
0
10HF
15
20
25
30
SF
6 [ppt]
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Ratio-based emissions calculationsbased emissions calculations
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Ratio-based Method Details
Ex = Erⅹ ∆ Cx/∆Crⅹ Mx/M
Ex : Emission of target compound.
Er: Emission of tracer compound.
∆ Cx/∆Cr : Relative enhancement ratio of target to ∆ Cx/∆Cr : Relative enhancement ratio of target to
tracer compound.
based Method Details
/Mr
: Emission of target compound.
: Emission of tracer compound.
: Relative enhancement ratio of target to : Relative enhancement ratio of target to
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FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion
model
Releasing and following millions of
imaginary air particles in the
FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion
• Open source model
developed by A. Stohl developed by A. Stohl
(NILU, Norway)
• Meteorological data:
ECMWF/GFS, 1°x1°3~6hr
• 10d back-trajectories
Releasing and following millions of
imaginary air particles in the
• 10d back-trajectories
• http://transport.nilu.no/fl
expart
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FLEXPART Inversion MethodFLEXPART Inversion Method
• Make first-guess of
emissions (a priori),
normally based on normally based on
population density
• Statistical analysis of the
a priori compared to
measurements, deriving
optimized emissions (a
posteriori)
• Analytical method
influenced by
uncertainties in a priori
• Able to incorporate
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Direct Inversions of HCFCs and HFCsDirect Inversions of HCFCs and HFCs
, HCFC-22
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Average sensitivity calculated from FLEXPART
• Basis for inversion, overview of how air mass
arrives at the receptor site
Average sensitivity calculated from FLEXPART
Basis for inversion, overview of how air mass
arrives at the receptor site
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Model verification: HCFC
Modeled Gosan concentrations
Measured Gosan concentrations
overall good agreement
Model verification: HCFC-22 concentrations
Modeled Gosan concentrations
Measured Gosan concentrations
overall good agreement
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Figure 2, Kim et al. (2010), Figure 2, Kim et al. (2010), GRL
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Emissions in China: Ratio
• Ratio-based technique with HCFCtracertracer
• Significant emissions of halogenated
compounds in China, even for compounds
previously expected to be small
Emissions in China: Ratio-based Method
based technique with HCFC-22 as
Significant emissions of halogenated
compounds in China, even for compounds
previously expected to be small
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Li et al. (2011), ES&T - China and TaiwanChina and Taiwan
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Li et al. (2011), ES&T - Korea and JapanKorea and Japan
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Li et al. (2011), ES&T
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Li et al. (2011), ES&T - Emissions in East AsiaEmissions in East Asia
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Emission Patterns of Halocarbons in East AsiaEmission Patterns of Halocarbons in East Asia
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Li et al. (2011), ES&T - Relative emissions by country
Relative emissions by
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Uncertainties in the FLEXPART inversions
Uncertainties in the a priori emissions accounted for by:
• Varying the a priori emissions by ±50%
• Using different a priori distributions
Uncertainties in input Met. Data
• Comparison studies between ECMWF and GFS: on• Comparison studies between ECMWF and GFS: on
Uncertainties can be reduced by incorporating multiple measurement sites in
inversion
Uncertainties in the FLEXPART inversions
emissions accounted for by:
50%
Comparison studies between ECMWF and GFS: on-goingComparison studies between ECMWF and GFS: on-going
Uncertainties can be reduced by incorporating multiple measurement sites in
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Stohl et al. (2010), ACP
HCFC-22 HFC-23
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Summary and Conclusions
High-frequency, in situ measurements of key GHGs for monitoring
emissions in East Asia at Gosan
• Halogenated compounds (CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, SF
collaboration with the AGAGE Network
Gosan measurements are very useful for monitoring GHG emissions in
the East Asia region
• Clear background trajectories + pollution trajectories from China, Korea,
Japan and Taiwan during non-summer months
• Emissions estimated using both ratio
techniques
• East Asian emissions are significant to global budgets in halogenated
compounds
Summary and Conclusions
measurements of key GHGs for monitoring
Halogenated compounds (CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, etc), in
collaboration with the AGAGE Network
Gosan measurements are very useful for monitoring GHG emissions in
Clear background trajectories + pollution trajectories from China, Korea,
summer months
Emissions estimated using both ratio-based and inversion modeling
East Asian emissions are significant to global budgets in halogenated
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Co-authors and Colleagues
Kyung-Ryul Kim, Shanlan Li, Mi-Kyung Park, Seung
University), Dong-Jin Kang (Korea Ocean Research Development Institute),
Gangwoong Lee (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies), Meehye Lee (Korea Gangwoong Lee (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies), Meehye Lee (Korea
University), Kyung-Sik Kang (Jeju University)
Ray F. Weiss, Jens Muhle, Christina Harth, Peter Salameh (AGAGE, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego)
Ralph Keeling, Alane Bollenbacher (Scripps CO
of Oceanography, UC San Diego)of Oceanography, UC San Diego)
Andreas Stohl (Norwegian Institute for Air Research)
authors and Colleagues
Kyung Park, Seung-Kyu Kim (Seoul National
Jin Kang (Korea Ocean Research Development Institute),
Gangwoong Lee (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies), Meehye Lee (Korea Gangwoong Lee (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies), Meehye Lee (Korea
Sik Kang (Jeju University)
Ray F. Weiss, Jens Muhle, Christina Harth, Peter Salameh (AGAGE, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego)
Ralph Keeling, Alane Bollenbacher (Scripps CO2 Program, Scripps Institution
Andreas Stohl (Norwegian Institute for Air Research)
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Thank You.Thank You.