Download - EMC 2410 Lecture 13 - Television News
EMC 2410Intro to Electronic Media
Edward Bowen
Lecture Twelve
Television News
Television Pioneers: Edward R. Murrow
• 1908: Born April 25.• 1935: Joins CBS as Director of Talks.• 1937: Becomes CBS’s Director of European Operations.• 1940: “This is London.” Helps create “London After Dark.”• 1945: Buchenwald.• 1951: Launches “See It Now.”• 1953: Premieres “Person to Person.”
Television PioneersEdward R. Murrow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQQaX2h1plo
Television PioneersEdward R. Murrow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anNEJJYLU8M
Television PioneersEdward R. Murrow
“Good Night and Good Luck” (2005)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNq8LoYjG2E
Television PioneersEdward R. Murrow
“Good Night and Good Luck” (2005)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCaBCdJWOyM
Television PioneersEdward R. Murrow
“Good Night and Good Luck” (2005)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opOE5Tc85r4
Ethics GuidelinesLisa Simeone and Michele Norris
http://youtu.be/_0SHahAgbQs
Occupy DC
Ethics GuidelinesLisa Simeone and Michele Norris
http://youtu.be/_0SHahAgbQs
Occupy DC
Ethics GuidelinesLisa Simeone and Michele Norris
http://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/ethics/ethics_code.html
Ethics GuidelinesLisa Simeone and Michele Norris
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/10/24/141650212/nprs-michele-norris-stepping-away-from-hosting-duties
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts1. Hallin’s Spheres
• “The Uncensored War” (1986) by communications professor Daniel Hallin
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts1. Hallin’s Spheres
• “The Uncensored War” (1986) by communications professor Daniel Hallin
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts1. Hallin’s Spheres
• “The Uncensored War” (1986) by communications professor Daniel Hallin
• Sphere of Consensus - Issues American journalists and commentators can generally agree upon: Democracy is good, slavery is bad, all men are created equal. “Self-evident” truths about which journalists do not feel they need to be objective.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts1. Hallin’s Spheres
• “The Uncensored War” (1986) by communications professor Daniel Hallin
• Sphere of Consensus - Issues American journalists and commentators can generally agree upon: Democracy is good, slavery is bad, all men are created equal. “Self-evident” truths about which journalists do not feel they need to be objective.
• Sphere of Legitimate Controversy - Where journalists generally live: Gun control, interest rates, budget matters, abortion. Issues on which reasonable people can and do disagree and where journalists are obliged to present both sides.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts1. Hallin’s Spheres
• “The Uncensored War” (1986) by communications professor Daniel Hallin
• Sphere of Consensus - Issues American journalists and commentators can generally agree upon: Democracy is good, slavery is bad, all men are created equal. “Self-evident” truths about which journalists do not feel they need to be objective.
• Sphere of Legitimate Controversy - Where journalists generally live: Gun control, interest rates, budget matters, abortion. Issues on which reasonable people can and do disagree and where journalists are obliged to present both sides.
• Sphere of Deviance - Viewpoints deemed unworthy of debate. The pro-pedophelia position.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts1. Hallin’s Spheres
• “The Uncensored War” (1986) by communications professor Daniel Hallin
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts2. Tribal Moral Communities
Jonathan Haidt -Associate professor of psychology at the University of Virginia
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts2. Tribal Moral Communities
Jonathan Haidt• We join together in kin-based groups for procreation,
just like wasps and ants and bees and termites.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts2. Tribal Moral Communities
Jonathan Haidt• We join together in kin-based groups for procreation,
just like wasps and ants and bees and termites.• We join together when in competition with other
groups, just like families; jocks, heads and nerds; Elks, Masons and Kiwanis; Catholics, Baptists and Unitarians; Shia and Sunni; Orthodox and Reform Jews; BlueRaiders and RedHawks, or by national origin, ethnic background, racial affiliation, professional affiliation, ancestral heritage, political affiliation.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts2. Tribal Moral Communities
Jonathan Haidt• We join together in kin-based groups for procreation,
just like wasps and ants and bees and termites.• We join together when in competition with other
groups, just like families; jocks, heads and nerds; Elks, Masons and Kiwanis; Catholics, Baptists and Unitarians; Shia and Sunni; Orthodox and Reform Jews; BlueRaiders and RedHawks, or by national origin, ethnic background, racial affiliation, professional affiliation, ancestral heritage, political affiliation.
• We join with others who have common beliefs, values, allegiances, interests, histories, symbols, and needs, for protection and security.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts2. Tribal Moral Communities
Jonathan HaidtOur genetic and cultural backgrounds predispose us…•Predispose us to unite into teams•Divide us against other teams, and•Blind us to the truth
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts3. Gatekeepers
An individual or individuals or organization that you allow to filter the information that reaches you.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts3. Gatekeepers
An individual or individuals or organization that you allow to filter the information that reaches you.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts4. Portals
Entities that aggregate information based on user input.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts4. Portals
Entities that aggregate information based on user input.
A Few Possibly Relevant Concepts5. Echo Chamber
A. Information is repeated over and over again without reliance on the initial source.
B. Encountering only news that reinforces out world view.
A Few Possibly Relevant ConceptsPostscript - “Network” (1976)
Because you’re on television, dummy!
http://www.tcm.com/mediaroom/video/294072/Network-Movie-Clip-Primal-Forces.html
Era of the Network News AnchorsWalter Cronkite, CBS, 1962-1981
Era of the Network News AnchorsWalter Cronkite, CBS, 1962-1981
• He was the man who told America that -
• President Kennedy had been shot,
Era of the Network News AnchorsWalter Cronkite, CBS, 1962-1981
• He was the man who told America that -
• President Kennedy had been shot,
Era of the Network News AnchorsWalter Cronkite, CBS, 1962-1981
• He was the man who told America that -
• We had put a man on the moon,
Era of the Network News AnchorsWalter Cronkite, CBS, 1962-1981
• He was the man who told America that -
• We had put a man on the moon,
Era of the Network News AnchorsWalter Cronkite, CBS, 1962-1981
• He was the man who told America that - • And we could not win the war in Vietnam.
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=2827337n
Era of the Network News AnchorsWalter Cronkite, CBS, 1962-1981
• He was the man who told America that - • And we could not win the war in Vietnam.
http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=95107
Era of the Network News AnchorsWalter Cronkite, CBS, 1962-1981
• He was the man who told America that - • And we could not win the war in Vietnam.
Era of the Network News AnchorsWalter Cronkite, CBS, 1962-1981
• Managing Editor as well as Anchor of the CBS Evening News.
• 1963 - First to report on the air of John Kennedy’s assassination.
• 1968 - Returns from Vietnam following the Tet Offensive to editorialize opposition to war.
• Extensive reportage of the space program.• In 1972, a major poll described him as the most
trusted man in America.• Emphasized short, “breaking news” items over longer
“Enterprise” pieces.• Lent credibility and prestige to television news
broadcasting.
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=5170918n
Era of the Network News AnchorsChet Huntley and David Brinkley, NBC, 1956-1970
Era of the Network News AnchorsChet Huntley and David Brinkley, NBC, 1956-1970
http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/remembering-the-huntley-brinkley-era/6844pad
Era of the Network News AnchorsChet Huntley and David Brinkley, NBC, 1956-1970
Era of the Network News AnchorsPeter Jennings, ABC, 1982 - 2005
Era of the Network News AnchorsPeter Jennings, ABC, 1982 - 2005
Era of the Network News AnchorsPeter Jennings, ABC, 1982 - 2005
Public Broadcasting
• 1952: A grant from the Ford Foundation establishes the National Educational Television (NET) network.
• 1967: The Public Television Act establishes the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
• 1969: Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is incorporated.
• 1970: National Public Radio is created. Premiers “All Things Considered” in 1971.
• 1983: Public Radio International (PRI) is established.
Era of the Network News AnchorsJim Lehrer and Robert MacNeil, PBS, 1975 - 1995
Era of the Network News AnchorsJim Lehrer and Robert MacNeil, PBS, 1975 - 1995
News and PoliticsRichard Nixon - The “Checkers” Speech
September 23, 1952
http://www.history.com/videos/the-checkers-speech#the-checkers-speech
News and PoliticsKennedy - Nixon Debate
September 26, 1960
Watched by 70 million Americans; required an act of Congress
http://www.history.com/videos/the-first-jfk-nixon-debate#the-first-jfk-nixon-debate
News Magazines“60 Minutes,” CBS, 1968 - Present
News Magazines 60 Minutes, 1968 to Present
Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing, 1996
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4455598n
News Magazines 60 Minutes, 1968 to Present
Timothy McVeigh, 2000
News Magazines 60 Minutes, 1968 to Present
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4455582n
Brown and Williamson, Jeffrey Wigand
News Magazines 60 Minutes, 1968 to Present
Brown and Williamson, Jeffrey Wigand
“The Insider,” 1999
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rkvxi5hdbA
News Magazines 60 Minutes, 1968 to Present
Brown and Williamson, Jeffrey Wigand
“The Insider,” 1999
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_ShktXHPII
News Magazines 60 Minutes, 1968 to Present
Brown and Williamson, Jeffrey Wigand
“The Insider,” 1999
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIjpP-XngKA
News Magazines 60 Minutes, 1968 to Present
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=703946n&tag=related;photovideo
Point/Counterpoint
News Magazines 60 Minutes, 1968 to Present
Point/Counterpoint
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7S_XWuKpHc
News MagazinesTed Koppel - Nightline 1980 - 2005
News MagazinesTed Koppel - Nightline 1980 - 2005
• November 4, 1979: 52 US citizens are taken hostage by Islamic students and militants in support of the Iranian Revolution. They would be held for 440 days.
News MagazinesTed Koppel - Nightline 1980 - 2005
• November 4, 1979: 52 US citizens are taken hostage by Islamic students and militants in support of the Iranian Revolution. They would be held for 440 days.
• November 8: ABC begins nightly updates titled “The Iran Crisis - America Held Hostage: Day XXX.” They run late night opposite NBC’s “The Tonight Show.”
News MagazinesTed Koppel - Nightline 1980 - 2005
• November 4, 1979: 52 US citizens are taken hostage by Islamic students and militants in support of the Iranian Revolution. They would be held for 440 days.
• November 8: ABC begins nightly updates titled “The Iran Crisis - America Held Hostage: Day XXX.” They run late night opposite NBC’s “The Tonight Show.”
• “Nightline” becomes a permanent fixture in 1980.
http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=9049568
News MagazinesTed Koppel - Nightline 1980 - 2005
• April 15, 1987: Los Angeles Dodgers Executive Al Campanis is interviewed.
http://video.sbrforum.com/video-8901-al-campanis-nightline.html
News MagazinesTed Koppel - Nightline 1980 - 2005
Era of Cable News• 1976 - Ted Turner’s WTCG Atlanta (later
WTBS) begins national satellite broadcasting distribution via cable, becoming the first national “SuperStation” and launching the basic cable revolution.
Era of Cable News• 1976 - 1979: WTCG/WTBS airs “17 Update
Early in the Morning” from 3 to 4 am to comply with FCC regulations requiring news content.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGbOTbqrS4o
Era of Cable News• 1976 - 1979: WTCG/WTBS airs “17 Update
Early in the Morning” from 3 to 4 am to comply with FCC regulations requiring news content.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qy8MTBxP7no
Era of Cable News• Turner launches CNN (Cable News Network)
in 1980. It is the first 24 hour all news network.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2OafHhD17E
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Era of Cable News• Turner launches CNN (Cable News Network)
in 1980. It is the first 24 hour all news network.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laf_Sorkmx4
Era of Cable News• Turner launches CNN (Cable News Network)
in 1980. It is the first 24 hour all news network.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zX-r49hgx0
Era of Cable News• As-it-happens, uninterrupted coverage grabs
the nation’s attention.
January 28, 1986
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4JOjcDFtBE
Era of Cable News• As it happens uninterrupted coverage grabs
the nation’s attention.• The Gulf War rockets CNN past the big three
networks in news viewership.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOPvdIQwfUU
Era of Cable News• As it happens uninterrupted coverage grabs
the nation’s attention.• The Gulf War rockets CNN past the big three
networks in news viewership.• News is no longer delivered in a “news cycle.”
Era of Cable News• And news stories are “branded” just like
products and entertainment programs.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auD7psnGXVUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsch0QmerA4
Era of Cable News
• The CNN Effect
Era of Cable News
CNN Programming
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2lohcGoGdshttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/x51eqj_cnn-1984-promos_news
Era of Cable News
CNN - Crossfire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rd5MqS03vkE
Era of Cable News
CNN - Crossfire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=au-7n6WIALg
Era of Cable News
• 1982: Headline News (CNN2)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78NWZWQs3q4http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7i5g4_cnn-headline-news-promo-1984_news
Era of Cable News
• 1982: Headline News (CNN2)• 1996 Fox News, MSNBC
Era of Cable News
• 1982: Headline News (CNN2)• 1996 :Fox News, MSNBC
• In 2011: ABC News Now, Bloomberg Television, CNBC World, CNN Airport Network, CNN en Espanol, CNN International, CNN On Demand, C-SPAN, C-SPAN 2, C-SPAN 3, Current TV, Euronews, Fox Business Network, Free Speech TV, MundoVision, NOAA Weather Radio, Pentagon Channel, The Local AccuWether Channel, The Weather Channel, TV Guide Network, Weatherscan.
Era of Cable News
• So, does all this varied coverage lead to better and more thorough reporting?
• Or …
Election Coverage
The 2000 Presidential Election
http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/covering-the-election/6uciwl9
Election Coverage
The 2000 Presidential Election
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldZ1HGNkxiQ
Era of Cable News
CNN - Crossfire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFQFB5YpDZE
October 15, 2004
Era of Cable News
Comedy Central - “The Daily Show”
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/mon-october-18-2004/your-show-blows
http://www.spike.com/video-clips/7hirrh/jon-stewart-spins-his-crossfire-appearance
Era of Cable News
CNN – Crossfire
January 2005 – Crossfire cancelled by CNN CEO Jonathan Klein, stating that he wanted to change the “tone” of the network.
September 2010 - Jonathan Klein Out as President of CNN
Jonathan Klein
CNN's numbers had been in serious decline for most of 2010, when the net saw several embarrassing milestones: •Worst single month in history (February, when it dropped behind even HLN)•Worst quarter ever for both "Larry King Live" and "Campbell Brown" (second quarter), and Brown's abrupt resignation.
Jonathan Klein• Klein left on the eve of a CNN primetime
launch that he helped construct, including the launch of "Parker Spitzer,” which was cancelled less than 6 months later, and the January debut of Piers Morgan in Larry King's time slot.
Era of Cable News
Comedy Central - “The Daily Show”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6f3nQPJfgPo
Era of Cable News
Comedy Central - “The Daily Show”August - December, 2010
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-august-4-2010/i-give-up---9-11-responders-billhttp://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/jon-stewart-rant-for-911-health-bill-12423837http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-december-9-2010/republicans-block-9-11-health-care-billhttp://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/911-responders-jon-stewart-12462709http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/40800449
Era of Cable News
Comedy Central - “The Daily Show”January 8, 2011
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/mon-january-10-2011/arizona-shootings-reactionhttp://vodpod.com/watch/5310828-watch-jon-stewarts-poignant-speech-on-the-arizona-shootinghttp://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/video/comedians-sound-off-arizona-shooting-12593500
Era of Cable News
Comedy Central - “The Daily Show”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oBlh8ca-RA
The Blogosphere
Newsletters and the Drudge Report
http://www.gametrailers.com/user-movie/prince-harry-in-afghanistan/183022
The BlogosphereCase Study - Story Trajectory:
Morgen Richmond, Verumserum.com, Sonya Sotomayor
The BlogosphereCase Study - Story Trajectory:
Morgen Richmond, Verumserum.com, Sonya Sotomayor
The BlogosphereCase Study - Story Trajectory:
Morgen Richmond, Verumserum.com, Sonya Sotomayor
Verumserum readership at the time: 20 to 30 people.
The BlogosphereCase Study - Story Trajectory:
Morgen Richmond, Verumserum.com, Sonya Sotomayor
Verumserum readership at the time: 20 to 30 people.
Among them - More widely read Blogs and Bloggers at Volokh Conspiracy and hotair.com.
The BlogosphereCase Study - Story Trajectory:
Morgen Richmond, Verumserum.com, Sonya Sotomayor
Verumserum readership at the time: 20 to 30 people.
Among them - More widely read Blogs and Bloggers at Volokh Conspiracy and hotair.com.
Among THEIR readers - the Judicial Confirmation Network
The BlogosphereCase Study - Story Trajectory:
Morgen Richmond, Verumserum.com, Sonya Sotomayor
Verumserum readership at the time: 20 to 30 people.
Among them - More widely read Blogs and Bloggers at Volokh Conspiracy and hotair.com.
Among THEIR readers - the Judicial Confirmation Network.
They send it out to major news outlets.
The BlogosphereCase Study - Story Trajectory:
Morgen Richmond, Verumserum.com, Sonya Sotomayor
Verumserum readership at the time: 20 to 30 people.
Among them - More widely read Blogs and Bloggers at Volokh Conspiracy and hotair.com.
Among THEIR readers - the Judicial Confirmation Network.
They send it out to major news outlets.
So - at this point - is it news or is it a press release?
The BlogosphereCase Study - Story Trajectory:
Morgen Richmond, Verumserum.com, Sonya Sotomayor
Daniel Ellsberg and Wikileaks
Daniel Ellsberg:
In 1969, was a former United StatesMilitary analyst who had worked for Johnson administration under Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.
He was working for the Rand Corporation,a think-tank offering research and analysisTo the U.S. Military.
His security clearance gave him access toA series of highly classified documents thatDetailed the conduct of the Vietnam War and contradicted public accounts releasedby the Pentagon.
Daniel Ellsberg and Wikileaks
Daniel Ellsberg:
Ellsberg began the lengthy and arduousProcess of photocopying some of the7000 pages in 47 volumes.
It took months.
The New York Times, after much internalEditorial debate, began publishing excerptsin 1971.
Daniel Ellsberg and Wikileaks
Daniel Ellsberg:
http://www.history.com/videos/pentagon-papers-reveal-secret-war#pentagon-papers-reveal-secret-war
http://video.pbs.org/video/1403016313/
Daniel Ellsberg and Wikileaks
Wikileaks:
Julian Assange’s whistleblowersite releases classified information and data from undisclosed sources.
Publishes submissions of otherwise unavailable documents from anonymous source and leak.
Daniel Ellsberg and Wikileaks
Wikileaks:
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6718137n
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2010/jul/26/afghanistan-war-logs-wikileaks-assange
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/25/wikileaks-war-logs-back-story
Ponderings
How would “Harvest of Shame” find an audience in today’s multi-channel, 24-hour news environment?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qh7cPv8btng
Ponderings
How would “Harvest of Shame” find an audience in today’s multi-channel, 24-hour news environment?
http://vimeo.com/1551798
Ponderings
How would “Harvest of Shame” find an audience in today’s multi-channel, 24-hour news environment?
http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/359888/september-22-2010/fallback-position---migrant-worker---zoe-lofgrenhttp://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/360017/september-23-2010/fallback-position---migrant-worker-pt--2
Ponderings
How would “Harvest of Shame” find an audience in today’s multi-channel, 24-hour news environment?
http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/stephen-colbert-says-migrant-workers-have-no-rights-11719764http://video.foxnews.com/v/4349458/mr-colbert-goes-to-washingtonhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1T75jBYeCs
Ponderings
Is there a line between news and entertainment? What happens in the absence of infrastructure or tradition to maintain traditional journalistic standards?
Ponderings
Do more voices and more channels and more views lead to a more enlightened viewership?
Or is the noise overwhelming and deafening?
Ponderings
If you’re able to find news programming that delivers what you already believe,will you still consider alternate views, or opposing facts?
Ponderings
Does a politically polarized population lead to a politically polarized media?
Or Does a politically polarized media support a politically polarized population?
Ponderings
How do you decide what sources you will trust?
Will they be sources that tell you what you already believe to be true …
Or sources that challenge your pre-conceptions?