![Page 1: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reality is not always what it seems!Using process mining and conformance checking to find out what is really going on in your system
Prof.dr.ir. Wil van der AalstEindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
![Page 2: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline• Process Analysis: From verification to process mining• Process Mining: Running example• Discovery• Conformance checking• Reality Check• Conclusion
The work of many people!
Thanks to Ton Weijters, Boudewijn van Dongen, Ana Karla Alves de Medeiros, Anne Rozinat, Christian Günter, Eric Verbeek, Ronny Mans, Minseok Song, Laura Maruster, Huub de Beer, Peter van den Brand, Jan Mendling, Andriy Nikolov, Jianmin Wang, Lijie Wen, Irene Vanderfeesten, Mariska Netjes, Steffi Rinderle, Walid Gaaloul, Gianluigi Greco, Antonella Guzzo, etc. etc.
![Page 3: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview Process Analysis
![Page 4: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Software systems are the mirror image of the “world”
![Page 5: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dual role of process models
modelsanalyzes
specifiesconfiguresimplements
analyzes
supports/controls
people machines
organizationscomponents
business processes
verification
“analysis of models only makes sense if they are an
adequate reflection of reality”
![Page 6: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
the disconnect …
![Page 7: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Example: Verification of the SAP Reference model(Joint work with Jan Mendling)
• The SAP reference model contains more than 600 non-trivial process models expressed in terms of Event-driven Process Chains (EPCs).
![Page 8: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Approach
604 non-trivialprocess models
collectcharacteristics
modelanalysis
compare
![Page 9: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Simplistic approach: YAWL + invariants
Analysis using transition invariants, i.e., only lowerbound! ProM allows for more precise analysis
![Page 10: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Simplistic approach: YAWL + Petri net
invariants
![Page 11: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
5.6%
![Page 12: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
5.6% is a lower bound!• Using more refined techniques more errors are
found, e.g., using reduction rules and state-spaceanalysis it can be shown that 20.9% of the SAP models are incorrect (126/604).
• Other large repositories of EPC models:– Collection of 381 non-trivial EPCs from a German
process reengineering project in the service sector– Collection of 935 non-trivial EPCs from the Austrian
financial industry– Collection of 83 non-trivial EPCs from three different
consulting companies• Total: 2003 non-trivial EPCs
![Page 13: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Overview results
• Designers make errors (10.7%) !• Errors can be predicted (95.2%) !• Process verification is mature, but models are not!• Disconnect between ref. models and systems cf. SAP
![Page 14: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Limitations of using models as a starting point
modelsanalyzes
specifiesconfiguresimplements
analyzes
supports/controls
people machines
organizationscomponents
business processes
verification real worldpowerpoint reality
![Page 15: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Event logs are a reflection of reality
records events, e.g., messages,
transactions, etc.
supports/controls
people machines
organizationscomponents
business processes
“logs are everywhere and there will be more …”
![Page 16: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Examples:
![Page 17: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Process mining: Linking events to models
modelsanalyzes
discovery
records events, e.g., messages,
transactions, etc.
specifiesconfiguresimplements
analyzes
supports/controls
conformance
people machines
organizationscomponents
business processes
verification
![Page 18: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Toy example to explain basic idea:
Reviewing of papers for journal ☺
![Page 19: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Event log:• processes
– process instances• events
Per event:• activity name• (event type)• (originator)• (timestamp)• (data)
![Page 20: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
start of process instance
start of activity
end of activity
attributes of an event
![Page 21: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Discovery
modelsanalyzes
discovery
records events, e.g., messages,
transactions, etc.
specifiesconfiguresimplements
analyzes
supports/controls
conformance
people machines
organizationscomponents
business processes
verification
![Page 22: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
No transactional information
![Page 24: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Corresponding EPC model (used by SAP,ARIS, etc)
![Page 25: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
YAWL model (executable workflow model)
![Page 26: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Conversions/exports/imports
• ARIS – ARIS PPM• BPEL 1.1 (WebSphere/Oracle)• YAWL• CPN Tools• Petrify• Woflan• Heuristics nets• …
![Page 27: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Theory of Regions !?
Differences with synthesis:– aim (exact/executable
model – insight)– input (complete/perfect
information – partial/noisy information)
Two steps:1. log2transition-system 2. transition-system2Petri-net
![Page 28: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Building a transition system
![Page 29: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Contructing a Petri net using Petrify
Petri net
overfitting? too detailed/precise?
![Page 30: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Example "Eichstätt paper"
![Page 31: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
about 30 mining plug-ins!
![Page 32: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Social network analysis
![Page 33: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Decision point analysis
![Page 34: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Performance analysis
![Page 35: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Discovering patterns
![Page 36: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Conformance Checking
modelsanalyzes
discovery
records events, e.g., messages,
transactions, etc.
specifiesconfiguresimplements
analyzes
supports/controls
conformance
people machines
organizationscomponents
business processes
verification
![Page 37: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Comparing the discovered model with the log (f=1)
![Page 38: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Different process model, same log (f=0.796)
Decision cannot repeated according to model but can be repeated in reality!
![Page 39: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Adding deviations to the log (f=0.89)
![Page 40: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
LTL checker plug-in
![Page 41: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Goal of ProM: Complete support
StaffwareFLOWer
WebsphereYAWLADEPT
ARIS PPM/SIMOutlookCaramba
SAPPeopleSoftInConcert
IBM MQSeriesCPN Tools
CVSOracle BPEL
UML SDcompany specific
systems...
EPC (ARIS, ARIS PPM, EPML,Visio)
BPEL (Oracle BPEL, Websphere)
YAWLPetri nets (PNML, TPN, ...)
CPN (CPN Tools)Protos
...Netminer
...
CJIBUWV
RijkswaterstaatASML
AMC hospitalCatharina hospital
EindhovenHeusden
ING BankPhilips medical
systems...
![Page 43: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Reality Check
![Page 44: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Reality Check
• Process mining on structured/administrative workflow-like logs is relatively easy.
• However, let us look at two extreme logs:– A log from a hospital with information on treatments,
complications, and diagnoses.– A log from a manufacturer of high-tech system with
information on system tests.
![Page 45: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
First example: Hospital data• Information on treatment, complication, and
diagnosis events.• Data:
– 2712 cases (all unique)– 29258 events– +/- 10.8 events per case– 264 different events (activities)
![Page 46: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Frequency of activities
Model element Event type Occurrences (absolute)
Occurrences (relative)
B_Perifeer infuus start 2837 9,696%
B_Maagsonde start 2430 8,305%
B_Beademing start 2187 7,475%B_Catheter a Demeure
start 2096 7,164%
B_Basiszorg start 2010 6,87%B_Arterie lijn op OK
start 2002 6,843%
B_O2 masker/slang start 1954 6,679%
B_Thoraxdrain start 1863 6,367%
![Page 47: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
C_N Phrenicus Paralyse start 1 0,003%
C_TIA start 1 0,003%
B_Horizontaal start 1 0,003%
C_Cholecystitis, acalc start 1 0,003%
C_Decubitus hak st. 3a start 1 0,003%
C_Druk necrose elders start 1 0,003%
B_Decubitus zorg stadium 3b start 1 0,003%
C_Haemolyse start 1 0,003%
B_Decubitus zorg stadium 4b start 1 0,003%
B_Isolatie Beschermend start 1 0,003%
B_Donor Weefsel start 1 0,003%
C_Polyurie (>40ml/kg/24u) start 1 0,003%
C_Decubitus overig st. 3a start 1 0,003%
C_Intra-peritoneaal Abces start 1 0,003%
![Page 48: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Heuristics miner
![Page 49: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Petri net
![Page 50: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Selection: Care after hart surgery
• Data– 874 cases (all unique)– 10478 events– 181 different events
(activities)
![Page 51: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Second example: Test data from high-tech system manufacturer• Information on testing process of high-tech
systems.• Data:
– 24 comparable cases– 154966 events– +/- 6450 events per case– between 2820 and 16250 events per machine– 720 different events (start/complete activities)
![Page 52: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Helicopter view
![Page 53: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Average time spent in job-steps (aggregated events)
![Page 54: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Mining just the complete events (# 360)…
![Page 55: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Common activities (#70)
![Page 56: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Job step level
reference model
discovered model
![Page 57: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Conformance checker (reference model – job steps)
![Page 58: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Discovered models fit better than reference model
![Page 59: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Research challenge
Mining less structured processes: the more unstructured, the more important it
is to know what is going on!
![Page 60: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
An analogy to this chaos are...An analogy to this chaos are...topologies!topologies!Highlights more important pathsHighlights more important paths
More significant nodes are emphasized
More significant nodes are emphasized
![Page 61: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
More to learn from maps...
AggregationClustering of coherent, less significant structures
AggregationClustering of coherent, less significant structures
AbstractionRemoving isolated, less significant structures
AbstractionRemoving isolated, less significant structures
![Page 62: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
ProM’s Frequency abstraction miner
![Page 63: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Conclusion• Reality is different from models!• The existence of event data
enables a wide variety of process mining techniques: discovery and conformance.
• ProM supports this (+150 plug-ins)• Although quite successful for
"structured processes", "spaghetti processes" remain a challenge (two examples were given).
• Research should aim to address this challenge.
software system
process/systemmodel
eventlogs
modelsanalyzes
discovery
records events, e.g., messages,
transactions, etc.
specifiesconfiguresimplements
analyzes
supports/controls
conformance
“world”
people machines
organizationscomponents
business processes
verification
![Page 64: Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB ... · P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl. Outline ... • The SAP reference model contains](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022013114/5c89e65909d3f26d5f8bd2e2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Relevant WWW sites
• http://www.processmining.org• http://promimport.sourceforge.net
• http://prom.sourceforge.net
• http://www.workflowpatterns.com
• http://www.workflowcourse.com
• http://www.win.tue.nl/is/
• http://is.tm.tue.nl/staff/wvdaalst