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Ecosystem ecology: Theories, methods, lenses
Dr. Whendee Silver
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Ecosystem Ecology and Biogeochemistry
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Pop Quiz
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What is ecosystem ecology?
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Ecosystem Ecology: the study of organisms, the abiotic environment, and their interactions in a defined area where the connections within the area are stronger than the connections across system boundaries
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What is biogeochemistry?
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Biogeochemistry: the study of the biological, chemical, physical, and geological processes and reactions that govern the environment
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Where does the energy in ecosystems come from?
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Where does the energy in ecosystems come from?
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What are the essential macronutrients for most life?
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What are the essential macronutrients for most life?
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), and Sulfur (S)
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Can you name the big three greenhouse gases?
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Can you name the big three greenhouse gases?
Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4)
Can you give their 100 year global warming potentials?
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Can you name the big three greenhouse gases?
Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4)
Can you give their 100 year global warming potentials?
1, 298, 34
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Ecosystem: Definitions and Terminology
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Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are increasing
Data: Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/) and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripts Institution of Oceanography
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Accelerated Growth in Eastern Trees
McMahon et al PNAS 2010
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Thesis statement: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, through its role in photosynthesis, is the dominant controller of ecosystem carbon storage.
Question: What is the ecosystem response to elevated carbon dioxide?
Hypothesis: Carbon dioxide is a key resource for plant growth, thus increased concentrations will stimulate plant growth, and greater plant growth will lead to greater overall carbon storage in the ecosystem.
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Net carbon balance of an ecosystem
(net ecosystem production = NEP)
NEP =GPP-Rauto
-Rhetero
Where: GPP is gross photosynthesisRauto is plant respirationRhetero is the respiration of
heterotrophs
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How do you measure NEP?
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Eddy co-variance techniques measure CO2 in and CO2 out
• Good for net carbon balance• Not good for discerning mechanisms• Couple with round based
measurements and models
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Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments
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Other experimental approaches
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CO2 Exposure Methods:Pros and Cons
Pots
Seedlings or saplings, not representative of mature trees
Plants become root-bound
No ecosystem interactions or competition
Chambers and Soil monoliths
Artificial light, humidity and temperature levels in the chambers
No ecosystem processes
Limited to one or a few low stature plants
Free-Air Carbon Exposure Studies (FACE)
Field conditions
Plants compete for light, water and soil resources
Expensive, much CO2 is advected away.
Control at set point varies by +/- 10 to 20%
Expensive to replicate
Sampling effects
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Elevated CO2 Studies
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Plant growth (NPP) can be enhanced per unit of leaf area after canopy closure in some tree species, but not in others
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Aboveground plant growth (NPP) can be enhanced in some tree species, but not in others
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(g m
-24 y
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Hoosbeek et al. 2011