Download - Ecosystem
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ECOSYSTEM
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ECOSYSTEMthe interactions between living and non-living things in a particular environment
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vary in size and complexity.include living organisms, the dead organic matter produced by them, the abiotic environment within which the organisms live and exchange elements (soils, water, atmosphere), and the interactions between these components.
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COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSYTEM
1. BIOTIC COMPONENTSthe life forms that occupy a given ecosystem.
the life forms of an ecosystem aid in the transfer and cycle of energy
Examples: producers, consumers, decomposers
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2. ABIOTIC COMPONENTSthe properties of the environmentconsist of the nonorganic aspects of the environment that determine what life forms can thrive.
Examples: temperature, average, humidity
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
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TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM1.There are many types of ecosystems on earth.
2. Major classes of relatively contained ecosystems are called Biomes.
3.There are 3 Major classes of ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems
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Freshwater ecosystems: Relatively small in area ~ 1.8% of earth's surface Support many species of life including fish,
amphibians, insects and plants. Base of food-web is found in freshwater Plankton
(small microscopic organisms) The ecosystems are habitats to reptiles,
amphibians and around 41% of the world’s fish species. The faster moving turbulent waters typically contain a greater concentrations of dissolved oxygen, supporting greater biodiversity than slow moving waters in pools.
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
Many & diverse types of ecosystems. There are seven major types.
Location usually dependent on the latitude of the area, and amount of precipitation
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TYPES:1. Tropical Rain ForestPrecipitation - 250cm/year Little temp. variation/abundant moisture
Contains more species than other biomes.
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Tropical Rain Forest
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TYPES:2. SavannasPrecipitation 90-150cm/year Open, widely spaced trees, seasonal rainfall
Parts of Africa, South America & Australia
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Savannas
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TYPES:3. Deserts Precipitation 20cm/year Dry, sparce vegetation; scattered grasses
Parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, North America
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Deserts
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TYPES:
4. Temperate GrasslandsPrecipitation: 10-60cm/year Rich soil; tall dense grasses Central North America; Central Asia
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Temperate Grasslands
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TYPES:5. Deciduous forests75-250cm/year Warm summers, cool winters Europe; NE United States;Eastern Canada
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Deciduous Forest
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TYPES:
6. Coniferous forest:20-60cm/year Short growing season, cold winters.
Northern Asia; Northern North America
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Coniferous Forest
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TYPES:
7. Tundra25cm/year Open; wind swept; dry; ground always frozen
Far northern Asia; Northern North America
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Tundra
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Ocean Ecosystems Very large amount of Earth is covered by ocean (~75%) 40% of all photosynthesis occurs in oceans. 3 types of oceanic ecosystems Shallow ocean waters Deep ocean water Deep ocean surface.
Photosynthetic plankton is base of food chain. Only occurs in Deep ocean surface & Shallow ocean
ecosystems No photosynthesis can occur in deep ocean because light
cannot penetrate deeply into water.
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PRODUCERSProducers are organisms, like green plants, that produce organic compounds from inorganic compounds. These are also a type of autotroph.
Producers use cellular respiration to supply the energy to live.
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AUTOTROPHan organism that makes
its own food from inorganic substances. It is then eaten by a consumer if it is a plant for example.
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CONSUMERSA consumer is the organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms. This is also a heterotroph.
Consumers are those who do not make their own food, but get it from eating plants or animals.
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HETEROTROPHSan organism that cannot
synthesize their own food and must obtain it
ready made.
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DECOMPOSERS
A decomposer is an organism of decay. These are also called saprobes. They break down the remaines of dead animals and plants, releasing the substances that can be used by other members of the ecosystem.
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FOOD CHAINA series of steps in which organisms transfer
energy by eating or being eaten.Trophic Levels:
The trophic level of an organism is the position it holds in a food chain.
1. Primary producers (organisms that make their own food from sunlight and/or chemical energy from deep sea vents) are the base of every food chain - these organisms are called autotrophs.
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2. Primary consumers are animals that eat primary producers; they are also called herbivores (plant-eaters).
3. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. They are carnivores (meat-eaters) and omnivores (animals that eat both animals and plants).
4.Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers.
5.Quaternary consumers eat tertiary consumers.
6.Food chains "end" with top predators, animals that have little or no natural enemies.
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FOOD CHAIN
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FOOD WEBA food web (or food cycle) is the natural
interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in a community.
Food web, energy is lost each time one organism eats another. Because of this, there have to be many more plants than there are plant-eaters.
There are more autotrophs than heterotrophs, and more plant-eaters than meat-eaters. Although there is intense competition between animals, there is also an interdependence.
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FOOD WEB
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOOD WEB AND FOOD
CHAIN FOOD CHAINS FOLLOW A SINGLE PATH AS ANIMALS EAT EACH OTHER.
EXAMPLE:
2. The GRASS is eaten by a GRASSHOPPER FOOD WEBS SHOW HOW PLANTS & ANIMALS ARE
INTERCONNECTED BY DIFFERENT PATHS.
EXAMPLE:
1. TREES produce ACORNS which act as food for many MICE and INSECTS. FOOD WEBS show how plants and animals are connected in many
ways to help them all survive. FOOD CHAINS follow just one path of energy as animals find food.
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INTERACTION
IN
ECOSYSTEM
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SYMBIOTIC/SYMBIOSISSymbiosis - When two species live cosely together in a relationship that lasts over time symbiosis occurs. There are three forms of symbiosis:
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1. Mutualismoccurs when there is a relationship between two different organisms, in which each partner benefits from the relationship.
classified in terms of the closeness of association, the closest being symbiosis, which is often confused with mutualism
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MUTUALISM
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2. Parasitismoccurs when there is a relationship between two different organisms, in which one partner benefits from the relationship, while the other partner is harmed. Typically, the partner that benefits (the parasite), lives on or in the other organism (the host) and feeds on it.
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PARASITISM
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3. COMMENSALISMoccurs when there is a relationship between two
different organisms, in which one partner benefits from the relationship, while the other neither benefits, nor is harmed.
EXAMPLE:
1. An orchid plant will attach itself high up a tree trunk to have a safe, sheltered place to grow and receive water dripping down the tree trunk. (The tree trunk which provides the habitat for the orchid seems to neither be harmed nor benefit from the relationship)
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COMMENSALISM
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PREDATION/PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIP
winner-loser relationship but it is not symbiosis
The predator benefits and the prey is harmed lethally, but it is a short-term interaction. In parasitism, the parasite does not usually kill its host, but just feeds on it for a long time while it is living.
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PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIP
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COMPETITIONinteresting example of interactions. When two organisms compete or fight for the same
limited resource such as food, shelter, a mate, or sunlight, there is usually a winner and a loser (+ -), but if the competitors fight literally to the death and kill each other, the interaction has become negative for both (- -).
Competition also occurs between humans for resources, even mates! Interactions between organisms, including humans, are the nature of life and have tremendous impact on the functioning and health of ecosystems.
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COMPETITION
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