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Lettinga Associates Foundation for Environmental Protection & Resource Conservation
Ecosan – some examples of multiple use of household wastewaterAdriaan Mels, Okke Braadbaart, Jules van Lier and Grietje Zeeman
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Outline
SWITCH A bit of history on excreta reuse The constraints nowadays What are the recyclable components Examples (Jordan, Beijing, Lima, Sweden,
Netherlands)
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Multiple use of municipal wastewater
Linear flow of conventional systems
Circular flow of Ecological Sanitation
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Otterpohl, 2000
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SWITCH – Ecological sanitation
Adoption and performance of established (demo) projects
Fate and removal of micro pollutants Nutrient demand around a number of mega-cities Innovative transport systems Technical standards
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Adoption and performanceDrivers (and barriers)
Performance (technology selection tool) Public health and environmental protection Resources (re)use Technical performance Financial performance User aspects (acceptance, noise, smell, vermin,
O&M) Robustness
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Row of toilets in Ephesus, Turkey, from 1st Century
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Feces and urine collection in Netherlands for agricultural use (1850-1950s)
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Uit: De Prijs van Poep, NOVIB
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Black water: handle with municipal organic waste
Urine
Grey water: local treatment and use for toilet flush, laundry, car wash, irrigation
Separate collection and use of flows
Urine: use as fertilizer
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Distribution of nutrients
Nitrogen (13 g / cap.day)
80%
11%9%
UrineFecesGrey water
Phosphorous (2 g / cap.day)
53%26%
21%
Potassium (4 g / cap.day)
70%
20%
10%
Volume = 1.4 l per day per person on average
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Distribution of wastewater flowsVolumes (l / cap. per day)
91.3
34.81.5
Grey water
Toilet flush
Black water (urine and feces)
Total 127 l / cap per day (The Netherlands)
Grey water (2/3 of total wastewater) is relatively clean and can be treated locally
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Evolution of global water use
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2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 20700
20
40
60
80
100
year
‘Available' phosphorus reserves (%)2% growth
2.5% growth
3% growth
apatite
Source: Driver et al. (2001)
Global depletion of P reserves
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World population not served with improved sanitation
Source: Huber Technology
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Examples of multiple use approaches
Urine re-use in agriculture (Sweden, Peru)
Grey water reuse for toilet flushing and landscaping (Beijing, Netherlands)
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Urine sorting toilets
Anno 1900 Anno 2005
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Palsternackan Stockholm (constructed 1995):51 appartementen, 160 bewoners (urine separation)
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Collection and storage system
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Urine is stored for 6 months (to remove remaining pathogens) and is directly used in agriculture
Urine use in agriculture
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PERUOFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Peru CAPITAL: Lima AREA: 1,285,215 km2 COASTLINE: 2,414 kmESTIMATED 2005 POPULATION: 27,925,628
Residual water Latrine
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AREA 1 - CENCA
• A pilot project with 55 dry ecological toilets in two human settlements (slums) at the East of Lima, called Los Topacios of Nievería and Casa Huerta la Campiña of Cajamarquilla
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AREA 1 - CENCANo-mix toilet
Composting chambers
Wetlands for grey water
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AREA 2 - ALTERNATIVA • A pilot project in Ciudad Nuevo Pachacutec in Ventanilla with the construction of:
- 17 water reservoirs of 1500 m3
- 837 public water taps
- 140 ecological toilets + green gardens + rabbits
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Baño Ecológico
Sistema de tratamiento
Sistema de riego
AREA 2 - ALTERNATIVA
Fat Keeper
Wetland
No-mix toilet
Men urinal
Green garden
Rabbits
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Why area matters for system performanceCENCA ALTERNATIVA
House property Inheritance Donation from government
Middle income (Soles/month) 340 530
NGO involvement after project finished Yes No
Inhabitants selected sanitation technology Yes No
Inhabitants designed their toilet Yes No
Inhabitants paid for the toilet Yes (only the 40%) No
Tap water Yes No
Toilets close to each other Yes No
Inhabitants manage the system Yes No
Users identified with the system Yes No
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Brown water
Grey water
Evt. urine
Rain water70 - 100 l /cap. per day
Separate collection and treatment of grey water
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Urban wasterscape
Constructed wetland
Grey water treatment and reuse in Drielanden, Groningen
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Beijing, a rapidly growing city
02468
101214161820
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Time
Popu
latio
n (in
mill
ions
)
Source: Bureau of Statistic of Beijing Municipality
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… and a very water scarce city Current water availability is < 300 m3 per capita per year Severe overexploitation groundwater The shortfall between water supply and demand is
estimated to be around 1.8 billion cubic meters by 2010
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Wastewater reuse planning
Figure 1. Wastewater reuse planning for the Beijing central region (source: Jia et al., 2005)
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Wastewater reuse planningCurrent situation of wastewater reclamation systems in urban Beijing (note: this does not include wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation and industrial reuse:
four centralized wastewater treatment plants for reclamation with total treatment capacity of 255,000 m3/day.
300 - 400 decentralized wastewater reclamation systems with treatment capacity of 50,000 – 60,000 m3/day
source: Water Saving Office,2006
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‘Management regulation on the construction of wastewater reclamation facilities in Beijing’ (1987)In this regulation the Beijing Municipal Government
issued that: hotels with construction areas exceeding 20,000
m2 and all public buildings with construction areas
exceeding 30,000 m2 should build a decentralized reclamation facility.
As of 2001 also new residential areas exceeding 50,000 m2 fall under this regulation
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Five cases presented (of 9 investigated)
BOBO Garden House Residential Area
Beijing Jiaotong University
Xin Bei Wei Hotel
Beiluchun Residential Area
Beijing Normal University
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Item Beijing Jiaotong
University
Beiluchun Residential
area
Beijing Normal
University
Xin Bei Wei Hotel
BOBO Garden House
Residential area
Established in 1993 1999 2001 2002 2003 Influent source Grey
wastewater Mixed
wastewater Mixed
wastewater Grey
wastewater Mixed
wastewater Main treatment technology
Activated sludge
Aerated Ceramic
Filter Activated
sludge
Contact oxidation + disinfection
Contact oxidation + Activated
sludge Maximal reclamation capacity (m3/day) 200 640 720 120 1,200
Average reclamation (m3/day) 150 600 400 80 3001
Technologies and capacities
1 Another 700 m3 per day are treated and than discharged to the sewer system
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Beijing Rainbow Hotel (max. 120 m3 / day)
Wastewater
Grid Bumper tankBiological
contact oxidation reactor
Erect sedimentation
tank
Machine filtration
tank
Reclaimed water storage tank
Disinfector
Flocculater adding
machine
Reclaimed water
Buffer tank
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Black water Grey water
150- 250 l / capita per day
Harvesting mixed wastewater
Rain water
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Situated in relatively dry area Restrictions on use of ground water Uses approximately 550.000 m3/year municipal
effluent Aim: irrigation of golf courts and supply of water
systems of the park
Use of mixed wastewater in the Efteling, The Netherlands
Centralised wastewater harvesting
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Irrigated agriculture accounts for almost 65% of all current water use
Irrigated agriculture water demand is expected to increase only slightly:
Generation of reclaimed wastewater is expected to increase drastically:
1998 863*106 m3
2020 890*106 m3
2001 73*106 m3
2020 265*106 m3
Case Study: Jordan
“It is mandatory that all treatment plant projects must include a fully designed and feasible reuse scheme”
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Amman (170.000 m3 sewage/day)
As Samra WSP
Conveyance sewer (40 km)to Desert-WSP system
Conveyance pipeline (40 km)
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Overview 200 ha Pond System at “Khirbet As Samra” in Jordan
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Effluent use for agricultural irrigation
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“Khirbet As Samra” Waste Water Stabilisation Ponds
Actual situation: System loaded with 2 x design flow: HRT = 20 days
Current problems
- Effluent BOD: 150-200 mg/l- Little pathogen removal- Odour problems- High gas production in anaerobic ponds-Up to 15% of incoming wastewater evaporates- Concomitant salt increase
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screensgrit
chamber
Raw sewage
high-rateanaerobictreatment
Existing stabilisation
ponds
sludgedryingbeds
Sludge
Research: Implementing anaerobic treatment before ponds
Treated effluent
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Anaerobic treatment followed by stabilization ponds
DMW CORPORATION, Japan
Post treatment in pond systems, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Advantage:Combines storage and treatmentRelatively cheap when land is available
Cavalcanti et al. (2003) show that at an HRT of 10 days a removal of 99.99% of E-coli is achieved (i.e. compliance with WHO standards for unrestricted irrigation)
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UASB Results “Sewage treatment”
Results two-stage pilot trials Middle East (Jordan):
COD Removal: up to 80% BOD Removal: up to 85%SS Removal: up to 80%Pathogen Removal:
- Coliforms: 70 - 90%- Helminth eggs: up to 100%
Potential CH4 production in Amman(at 170.000 m3 sewage/day): 17,500 m3/day
2 – 2.5 MW
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Lettinga Associates Foundation for Environmental Protection & Resource Conservation
Thanks for your attention