Download - Econnect Tools Nl Theo Van Der Sluis
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Population viability analysis:
an example of theory, tools and
planning from the NetherlandsTheo van der Sluis / Paul Opdam – ALTERRA
ECONNECT WorkshopGrenoble, 5th November 2009
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Contents of the presentation
� Introduction, ALTERRA
� Start of the National Ecological Network of the Netherlands
� Different phases, and how we approach it now
� New challenges
� Conclusions
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Countdown 2010: stop decline biodiversity (IUCN)
� In 2010 it will become obvious that this target won’t be reached
� Europa develops the Natura2000 network
� The first phase: designating protected areas, is almost finalised
� The second phase (article 10 Habitats Directive) which guarantees development of connections of the network, is in most European countries still at an initial stage
� Connections are most urgent in the view of climate change, in particular in fragmented areas
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National Ecological Network NEN 1990: A work map
- Existing natural areas (core areas)
- Additonal natural areas (expansion areas)
- Indicative connections
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Planning the Dutch Ecological network
1990 2000 2006> 2012>
Area target Biodiversitytarget
Climate changeas add. stress
+Robustcorridors
adaptation
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Implementation as cyclic process at 2 levels
National target: goal biodiversityEvaluation of results
National design
Detailed design and implementation byprovinces
Regional spatial development
Monitoring
Central g
overnm
entPro
vincialgovernem
ent
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3 Lessons learned
1990 2000 2006> 2012>
Area target Biodiversitytarget
Climate changeas add. stress
+Robustcorridors
adaptation
1st:
Evalu6ation
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1st Lesson: ecological conditions instead of species
� Because it is about land cover, change of spatial structures
� Spatial planners and decision makers can not handle technical information about species, but they work with areas, distances, landscape patterns, and groundwater tables
� Species are too dynamic and unpredictable to rely upon
� Species legitimate planning though!
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Translate metapopulation knowledge into spatial
parameters for long6term persistence
Carrying capacity Connectivity
Persistance
Quality network as habitat
Network area
Habitat density
Landscape matrix (resistance)
Opdam, Verboom & Pouwels 2003
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Is this network large enough for long term persistence of species ‘x’?
Define population networks by dispersal distance
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Define population networks by dispersal distance
1250
500750
10001250
150012
34
56
7
0
0.15
0.3
0.45
colonisation chance
distance to nearest occupied pond
coverage water vegetation
Van der Sluis et al. 1999
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Minimum area persistent population network (ha)
0500
10001500200025003000350040004500
Greatcrested
newt
Viper Stonechat Bittern
key patchnw+kpnw-kp
Verboom et al. 2001Landscape ecology
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Target species
Required area
Expected area
% target species for which key6patch is realised
Model: LARCH (Alterra)
Applied in evaluationprogress realisation NEN
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Eliminating Barriers: Noordwest Brabant Province
Analysis AlterraLARCH model
Comprehensive nationalstudy Ministry of Roads & Infrastructure
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1990199019901990 2000200020002000 2006>2006>2006>2006> 2012>2012>2012>2012>
Area target Biodiversitytarget Climate change
+Robustcorridors
adaptation
2nd :
Planning & design
3 Lessons learned
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Lesson 2: planning and design
� The ecological variability of species needs to besimplified to define targets in planning and design of ecosystem networks
� Spatial6ecological species groups, ‘traits’ or ‘guilds’, can be linked to ambition levels
Allows for negotiations!
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Ecological guilds, species groups
� Stress similarities in spatial requirements of species with regard to ecosystem networks:
� Type of habitat
� Required area for a sustainable population
� Maximum dispersal distance
(Opdam et al. 2008, Ecol & Society)
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How to use this knowledge in the planning process?
Opdam et al., Ecology and Society 2008
Spatial conditions Target, ambition level
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More area needed for sustainable conditionsLarger spatial scales
Ecological traits approach(Opdam et al Ecology & Society 2008)
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Ecological traits: choose ambition level
ecoprofile 1 ecoprofile 2
ecoprofile 3 ecoprofile 4
For each Ecosystem type
Dispersal distance
Are
a r
equi
rem
ent
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Which species require cohesive networks most?
Large arearequirements
Large networkarea required
Habitat specialists, poor dispersers
Small networkarea is enough
Dispersal goodDispersal poor
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Network analysis with LARCH model Red copper in Middle Europe
Van Swaay in: van der Sluis et al, 2004
Which species require networks most?
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Which species require networks most?
Groot-Bruinderink in: Van der Sluis et al, 2004
Network analysis with GRIDWALK model Lynx in Europe
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Network cohesion
Number / type of species with sustainable populations
Ambition level
Threshold value
Ecological traits: choose ambition level
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Network cohesion
Number / type of species with sustainable populations
Ambition level
Threshold value
choose ambition level Ecological traits:
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2001 –Robust corridors: start of second planning cycle
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Implementation of robust corridors
� Extra ambition NEN (national level)
� More budget for the Provinces
� Negotiations central government6Provinces aboutaims and targets, ambition level
� Link ambition level, aims – area requirement and demand for spatial cohesion
� ‘Handbook Robust Corridors’ as tool for design
� Planning guidelines developed
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Example - robust corridor marshes
(from Handbook)
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Example: robust corridors, design with ecological traits
Shrubs with some aquatic habitat
(Handbook Robust Corridors, 2001)
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Thinking about corridors….
http://www2.alterra.wur.nl/webdocs/internet/corporate/prodpubl/boekjesbrochures/ecnc_compleet.pdf
Van der Sluis et al, 2004
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Example: Ecological Network Cheshire County, UK
(Van Rooij et al, 2003, van der Sluis et al. 2003)
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1990199019901990 2000200020002000 2006>2006>2006>2006> 2012>2012>2012>2012>
Area target Biodiversitytarget Climate change
+Robustcorridors
adaptation
3rd: Green6blue
veiningaroundNEN
3 Lessons learned
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Climate change
Results:
� Shifting climate zone
� More weather extremes
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Prediction of shifting climate zones
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Indicator group IA(n=20)
Indicator group IB(n=20)
Indicator group IC(n=20)
Cold preferring
Thermophilous sp.
Neutral
Climate change
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The assumptions for critical thresholds for spatial
cohesion do not hold anymore
Climate change
Carrying capacity Connectivity
Persistence
Quality network as habitat
Network area
Habitat density
Landscape matrix (resistance)
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Carrying capacity Connectivity
Persistence at higher scale level
Weatherfluctuationschange
Accessibility of habitat in newregions
Climate change
The assumptions for critical thresholds for
spatial cohesion do not hold anymore
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To acquire more land for nature is (politically) not feasible
� Our proposal: develop “climate buffer”:
� Strengthen the green6blue veining (Trame Vert et Bleue) of the multifunctional landscape nearby the NEN
� Transboundary corridors!
Challenge: how to adapt NEN to climate change?
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Challenge: how to adapt NEN to climate change?(Van Rooij et al, 2009, van der Sluis et al. 2000)
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Case study the Hoeksche Waard
(Steingröver et al submitted)
� Surface area: 26.550 ha
� 60% arable land
� Identity
� Dikes: 335 km
� Creeks: 172 km
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The green6blue network: carrier of landscape identity and provider of biological control
� Robust elements
� creek banks
� dikes
� forest patches
� main road verges
� Fine elements
� field margins
� road verges
� ditch banks
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Cost6benefit analysis
25,746,5Balance
50,8102,4Benefits
25,664,8Costs
Investment inpublic space only
Optimal situationbiological control
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NEN + green6blue veining: more biodiversity
Bullfinch (Pyrhullapyrhulla) in NEN
small elements
0.8
0.035
0.4
0.030
0.0
0.0250.0200.0150.010
1.0
0.005
0.2
0.000
0.6
large elements
0.8
17.5
0.4
15.0
0.0
12.510.07.55.0
1.0
2.5
0.2
0.0
0.6
Greater stitchwort (Stellaria holostea) in green6blue veigning
More often in green2blue veining near NEN
More in NEN surrounded by green2
blue veining
Predicted presence
Without NEN
Near NEN
Without veining
Near veigning
Grashof et al 2009, Landscape ecology special issue
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National policies
Water directive
Habitat Directive,
Natura 2000
Habitat Directive, article 10/
CAP
Patch qualityPatch quality
Network areaNetwork area
Network densityNetwork density
Matrix permeabilityMatrix permeability
Opdam, Steingröver, Van Rooij 2006
Current policy supports different strategies
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Lessons learned
� Ecological networks should be species based
� Cyclical planning process required
� For planning and design: ecological ‘guilds’ are a good proxy for conserving biodiversity
� Green6blue veining for networks as multifunctional strategy, in addition to robust corridors
� Species approach may be slightly outdated, but stillimportant in communication with stakeholders (umbrellaspecies, flagship species)
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Thinking about corridors….
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Thinking about corridors…. Appenines
Experiences gained in
LIFE6Econet projects
� Emilia6Romagna
� Persiceto
� Abruzzo� Study brown bear
� Umbria