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Echocardiography of Cardiac Amyloidosis
Frederick L. Ruberg, MDBoston University Medical
CenterMay 25, 2005
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What is amyloid
• Any misfolded protein that aggregates as a -sheet stains with Congo Red (birefringence)
• Implication in pathogensis of alzheimers disease ( amyloid)
• Systemic amyloidoses
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The Systemic Amyloidoses
• Primary (AL) or light chain disease Plasma cell dyscrasia (clonal proliferation)
12-15% patients with myeloma have AL
Immunoglobulin light chains 12 month survival without treatment 6 month survival with cardiac disease Incidence is 1 in 100,000 in Western countries
• Familial (AF) Mutations in transthyretin (TTR) Ile 122 of particular interest
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The Systemic Amyloidoses
• Senile systemic amyloid (SSA) TTR-based non-genetic (ie, TTR normal) Cardiac predilection Male gender, onset after age 60
• Secondary amyloidosis (AA) Chronic inflammatory states
• Other specific protein abnormalities apolipoprotein A-I and A-II, lysozyme
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Merlini, G. et al. N Engl J Med 2003;349:583-596
Manifestations of AL
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Falk, R. H. et al. N Engl J Med 1997
Diagnosis of Amyloidosis
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Amyloid Cardiomyopathy
• Very poor prognosis (6 mo survival)• Restrictive cardiomyopathy with profound
abnormalities of diastolic function Systolic dysfunction late manifestation
• Classic teaching biventricular thickening in a small ventricle valvular thickening, “speckled pattern” Atrial enlargement Pericardial effusion/evidence of elevated filling
pressures
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Echo Features
Rehman, JACC 2004
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Amyloid Cardiomyopathy
• Patients do NOT respond to normal medication for CHF ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, dig
• There is a treatment for AL amyloid Autologous bone marrow transplant
• Patient selection critical assessment of cardiac involvement
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Advanced Amyloid
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Continuum of Amyloid
• Advanced disease is too late• Initial changes are abnormalities of
diastolic function• As wall thickness progresses
restrictive physiology ensues Loss of limb lead voltage on ECG
• Systolic dysfunction late stage
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Diastolic dysfunction
• Transmitral inflow E and A wave pattern E wave deceleration time IVRT
• Tissue Doppler mitral annular velocities E prime < 6 cm/s
• LA enlargement, IVC dilation• Restrictive physiology a late manifestation
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Early Cardiac Amyloid
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Early Cardiac Amyloid
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After cardiac arrest
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Hypertension vs. Amyloid
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HTN vs Amyloid Doppler
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HTN vs. Amyloid TDI
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Moderate disease
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Restrictive inflow, Absent A
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Atrial arrest
• Absent A wave in setting of NSR• Restrictive pattern• Atrial amyloid infiltration and/or
markedly elevated LV DP• Risk of stroke/TIA, anticoagulation• Recovery of A wave following
successful BMT correlating to symptomatic improvement
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Depressed E prime
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Low stroke volume
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Evidence of congestion
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Advanced Amyloid
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Restrictive filling
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Treatment of AL
• Autonomic dysfunction, low stroke volumes Dependent on HR
• Beta blockers, ACEI poorly tolerated• Digoxin may bind to amyloid and promote
toxicity• Can use diuretics
Loop diuretics Aldactone/eplerenone
• Amiodarone• Proamatine (Midodrine) for BP support
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Restrictive?
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Grade I Dysfunction
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LVOT obstruction
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LVOT Obstruction
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SSA (Senile Cardiac)
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SSA Doppler
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SSA Clinical Features
• Onset age greater than 60 years• Often exclusively cardiomyopathy• More benign clinical course than AL
Often tolerate medications that AL patients won’t
• TTR amyloid, must exclude AL as well as known mutations in TTR to diagnose
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Familial TTR
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Familial Amyloid CMP
• Over 80 mutations identified• Ile 122 in African Americans
2-4% heterozygotic allele frequency Unclear penetrance
Unclear importance in setting of HTN Onset of CMP after age 60 years
• Stabilization of TTR tetramer to stop amyloidogensis by diflunisal
Other agents in development
• Liver transplant/heart transplant
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Stem Cell Transplant
• AL can respond to chemotherapy High dose melphalan with autologous
stem cell transplantation 8-year follow-up data (Skinner, et al. Ann Int Med 2004)
Median survival 1.6 yrs Exclusion EF < 40% or decompensated
CHF• Lower dose, marrow sparing regimens• Oral therapy, investigative drug
regimens
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Survival after HDM/SCT
Skinner, et al. Ann Int Med 2004
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Post-BMT changes?
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Post BMT
• Symptomatic improvement without obvious change in echo appearance Hemodynamic recovery (A wave) Improvement in TDI BNP normalization Mass regression Chamber remodeling
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Role of CMR
• More sensitive than echo• Explore tissue-dependent changes
through delayed enhancement Demonstrated in 70% patients (Maceira,
Pennell, et al. Circ 2005) associated with mass
• Small LV size + increased wall thickness does not necessarily = increased mass
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CMR vs. echo
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CMR vs. echo
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Diffuse Delayed Enhancement
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New echo approaches
• Strain imaging determines impaired longitudinal contraction (Koyama, Falk, et. al. Circ 2003) In absence of fractional shortening
abnormality Preceded CHF symptoms
• Utility of TDI with BNP to facilitate diagnosis in early disease
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Applications of echo/CMR
• Early diagnosis • Predict outcomes with treatment• Monitor response to treatment