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Earth’s Climate: Past, Present and Future
Fall Term - OLLI West: week 2, 9/23/2014Paul Belanger
Earth's past climate history
1. Earth’s deep past before the Cambrian (600 MaBP): hot and cold2. Earth’s past: Cambrian onward: mostly hot-house Earth; 100s
parts per million (ppm)3. Climate trend in the Cenozoic – the last 65 million years; proxy
data from 3600ppm to <200 ppm.4. More recent past: 180-280 part per million; how do we know –
empirical data. Preview of next week’s field trip5. Today: 400 ppm and growing 2-3ppm/year
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REVIEW OF WEEK 1 ITEM
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• Video I showed at end of week 1 class – what is climate:– You tube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjwmrg__ZVw
• Video I didn’t show – /don’t have time – see syllabus:– The climate system, feedbacks, cycles and self-regulation 1.6– https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/climate-change-challenges-an
d-solutions/steps/3294/progress (7 mins)
– an alternate: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrPS2HiYVp8 – What factors determine Earth’s climate:– See IPCC-AR5 (2013-2014) tab on my web page:– And this link from AR4 (2007) http://denverclimatestudygroup.com/?page_id=63 – http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-1.html
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climate system - the inter-relationship and feedback of: • Atmosphere• Hydrosphere• Biosphere• Cryosphere• Lithosphere (weathering reduces CO2; volcanism increases it)
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10oC = (50oF)7.8 cc
20oC = (68oF)15 cc
30oC = (86oF)27.7 cc
40oC = (104oF)49.8 cc
@ 30oC +1oC = 8%
increase in vapor
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The CO2 greenhouse gas effect is concentrated in the polar regions ! ! !
The large H2O greenhouse effectis controlled by temperature – H2O saturation doubles with every 10°C Increase
As a result It is concentrated in the lower atmosphere of the tropics
CO2 is evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere
Particularly in the Arctic !
The Earth and its atmosphereThe most potent greenhouse gas is H2O - vapor
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WEEK 2
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1. Earth’s deep past before the Cambrian (600 MaBP): hot and cold
2. Earth’s past: Cambrian onward: mostly hot-house Earth; 100s parts per million (ppm)
3. Climate trend in the Cenozoic – the last 65 million years; proxy data from 3600ppm to <200 ppm.
4. More recent past: 180-280 part per million; how do we know – empirical data. Preview of next week’s field trip
5. Today: 400 ppm and growing
Earth’s past climate
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Earth’s deep past and early atmosphere before the Cambrian (600 MaBP): hot and cold• Earth self regulates 2.1 -2.3 Tim Lenton video – 9 minute
overview• Article Link: BBC Nature
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ancient_earth/Snowball_Earth
• You Tube – leaving for you to watch on your own: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=snow+ball+earth – various links
Earth’s past climate
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1. Earth’s deep past before the Cambrian (600 MaBP): hot and cold
2. Earth’s past: Cambrian onward: mostly hot-house Earth; 100s parts per million (ppm)
3. Climate trend in the Cenozoic – the last 65 million years; proxy data from 3600ppm to <200 ppm.
4. More recent past: 180-280 part per million; how do we know – empirical data. Preview of next week’s field trip
5. Today: 400 ppm and growing
Earth’s past climate
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Climate Changes from Ocean Sediment Cores, since 5 Ma. Milankovitch Cycles
41K 100 K
3.0Ma4.0Ma 2.0Ma 1.0Ma5.0Ma 0
When CO2 levels get below ~400-600 ppm Orbital parameters become more important than CO2
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1. Earth’s deep past before the Cambrian (600 MaBP): hot and cold
2. Earth’s past: Cambrian onward: mostly hot-house Earth; 100s parts per million (ppm)
3. Climate trend in the Cenozoic – the last 65 million years; proxy data from 3600ppm to <200 ppm.
4. More recent past: 180-280 part per million; how do we know – empirical data. Preview of next week’s field trip
5. Today: 400 ppm and growing
Earth’s past climate
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Scientific History of Climate change – PROXY DATA
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Royer et al., 2003
Geologic cycles: Climate through the Phanerozoic:Carbon is the culprit
Alternating Greenhouse Earth / Ice-house Earth
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Cenozoic Deep Sea Climate Record
Zachos et al. 2008
hyperthermals
Opening of the Drake passage isolating
Antarctica and further drop in CO2
Closing ofIsthmus
of Panama
41k-100k & amplitude
change:Increase in
Antarctic ice
Azolla sequestering
event
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Correlation of CO2 and temperature
over last 65 million years
Beerling and Royer, Nature 2011
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Photosynthesis/RespirationCO2 + H20 ↔ CH2O + O2
Weathering/PrecipitationCO2 + CaSiO3 ↔ CaCO3 + SiO2
Long-term Carbon Cycle: rocksTwo generalized reactions…
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Berner, 2001
Long-term carbon cycle: rocks
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50 million years ago (50 MYA) Earth was ice-free.
Atmospheric CO2 amount was of the order of 1000 ppm 50 MYA.
Atmospheric CO2 imbalance due to plate tectonics ~ 10-4 ppm per year.
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1. Earth’s deep past before the Cambrian (600 MaBP): hot and cold
2. Earth’s past: Cambrian onward: mostly hot-house Earth; 100s parts per million (ppm)
3. Climate trend in the Cenozoic – the last 65 million years; proxy data from 3600ppm to <200 ppm.
4. More recent past: 180-280 part per million; how do we know – empirical data. Preview of next week’s field trip
5. Today: 400 ppm and growing
Earth’s past climate
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Climate Changes from Ocean Sediment Cores, since 5 Ma. Milankovitch Cycles
41K 100 K
3.0Ma4.0Ma 2.0Ma 1.0Ma5.0Ma 0
When CO2 levels get below ~400-600 ppm Orbital parameters become more important than CO2
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1. Earth’s deep past before the Cambrian (600 MaBP): hot and cold
2. Earth’s past: Cambrian onward: mostly hot-house Earth; 100s parts per million (ppm)
3. Climate trend in the Cenozoic – the last 65 million years; proxy data from 3600ppm to <200 ppm.
4. More recent past: 180-280 part per million; how do we know – empirical data. Preview of next week’s field trip
5. Today: 400 ppm and growing
Earth’s past climate
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- SO – WHAT CONTROLS CLIMATE
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Gerhard et al., 2001
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Rohling, et al., (PALAESENS Project mbrs), 2012
1o Forcings
Solar Luminosity
Atm. Comp.
2o Forcings
Continents(latitudes & elevations)
Oceancirculation
weathering
CO2
3o Forcings
Obliquity
Precession
Eccentricity
CO2 /CH4
FEEDBACKS
4o Forcings
Volcanic eruptions
SunspotsCycles
El Nino/La Nina
Cloud
Solar storms
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End of week 2EXTRAS FOLLOW
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Paleocene/Eocene Thermal MaximumPETM
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Wikipedia
Proxy data: stable isotopes
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PETM - THE LAND RECORD
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Bighorn Basin
PETM interval in fluvial deposits with excellent alluvial paleosols - seen as color bands, which are soil horizons
Found in Willwood Fm
Reds, purples due to iron oxides in B horizons
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Paleosol Density
Pre-PETM
PETM
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Bighorn Basin Climate
Plant fossils and isotopes show Mean Annual Temperature of 20o
to 25o C or 68 to 77o F
Similar to Gulf Coast region today
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PROXY DATA-EXTRAS
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FROM CSI TO GSI:GEOLOGICAL SAMPLE
INVESTIGATION
LET THE EVIDENCE SPEAK FOR ITSELF
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WE CALL THIS EVIDENCE
“PROXY” DATA
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• Strandlines/shorelines• Moraines• Till• Kettle lakes, etc.
SOME OF THE EARLIEST PROXY DATAWAS FROM TERRESTRIAL DEPOSITS
We may know what caused these today, but imagine back then?
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IT’S THE INTERPRETATION THAT’S NOT ALWAYS CORRECT
Darwin observed ancient Alpine shorelines:interpreted as ocean shoreline
Agassiz – later correctly interpreted as ice-dammed lake-shore strandlines/shoreline
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• Jean Louis R. Agassiz
• “Father” of Glaciology
• 1807-1873• Paleontologist• Glaciologist
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Photographic proxy data/evidence
Ruddiman, 2008
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EARLY PROXY DATA:TREE RINGS
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Pollen & Lake core data
Ruddiman, 2008
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PROXY DATA:POLLEN DATA
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PROXY DATA:LEAVES
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Tree rings, corals, ice cores
Ruddiman, 2008
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PROXY DATA:ICE CORES
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TERRESTRIAL DATA
North American:WisconsinIllinoianKansanNebraskan
European:WurmRissMindelGunz
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LATER EVIDENCE CAME FROMTHE MARINE RECORD
NOT WITHOUT IT’S PROBLEMS, BUT MORE COMPLETE
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CesareEmilani:
Paleontologist,Chemist
Father of Paleoceanography
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Other Paleoceanographers
Wally BroeckerThermal-haline
“conveyor” belt of circulation
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Bill Ruddiman
Nick Shackleton
Other Paleoceanographers
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Other Paleoceanographers
John Imbrie:CLIMAP
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PROXY DATA:CORE DATA
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PROXY DATA:BENTHICFORAMS
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PROXY DATA:PLANKTONICFORAMS
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Deep Sea Coring
Ruddiman, 2008