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Earlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations1. Silk Road Spice Trade2. Chinese Admiral Zheng He &
the Ming “Treasure Fleet” 3. A New Player Europe
Marco Polo- Italy, 1271Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.Better seaworthy ships.
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Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He
1371-1435
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!
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Zheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama (Portuguese) reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!
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Isolationist China
• 1644 Manchu's from Manchuria invaded China- Overthrew Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)• Qing Dynasty established
– Remained isolationist country until Europeans would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor
• The Dutch from The Netherlands did this!
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A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
How do we know that the cartographer had limited info??
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Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration1. Luxury Goods- want a faster
and safer trade route to Asia.2. Renaissance curiosity about
other lands and peoples.3. Monarchs seeking new sources
of revenue Monarchs wanted new ways to get $.
4. Technology advances.5. Fame and fortune.6. Want to stop the spread of
Islam- Spread Christianity!
The Three
G’s
GoldGod Glory
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New TechnologiesNew Technologies
AstrolabeFrom Where??
Arabia
Better Maps [created by
cartographers]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
From Where??China
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New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
Rudder
Triangular Lateen Sails
Shallow Hull
Gunpowder and guns!
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Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
School for Navigation in Portugal
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Portugal
• First country to search for gold and spices by sea; wanted to increase trade!
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Portuguese EmpirePortuguese Empire1. Exploring the west coast
of Africa.2. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut, India.
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Spain
• Wanted to conquer – Use land to become wealthy– Convert people to Christianity
• Treaty of Tordesillas– Pope Alexander VI, 1494- split the unexplored
world in half through the Atlantic from North to South Poles.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 14941494
Divided the world into two parts, one for Spain, one for Portugal
Portugal’sSpain’s
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Japan
• Japan divided into warring states which welcomed outside traders• 1600- Japan united by Tokugawa Shogunate
– *Japan closes itself off from the world
» **Ideas & Trade
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Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus [1451-1506][1451-1506]
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Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Columbus Explored In The Islands
of the Caribbean
Sea
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Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
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Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the WorldWorld::Early 16Early 16cc
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Global Trade• New agricultural products
– Sugar, tobacco, coffee, siliver mining• Expensive to trade- need financial backer• Joint-stock companies=individual
merchants combined resources, shared profits/risks of trading voyage
• Some companies had government support/protection (Dutch East India Trading Company
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Mercantilism
• Defined: State’s power dependent upon its wealth
• Goal of every nation is to gain wealth• Gain wealth by mining or trading
– In trade, want to export more than you import– Governments help exporting businesses
(monopolies, tariffs)• Colonies- source of raw materials, market for
exports
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Global Exchange
• Population growth in Europe• Worldwide exchange of people, goods,
tech, ideas, diseases• Rise of capitalism- economic system
based on private ownership and investing resources for profit
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The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa
Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR
CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs
Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping
Cough
Liquor GUNS
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Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”
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Fernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
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The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez
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Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
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Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill
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Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
aries
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
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TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
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The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.2. Portuguese replaced European
slaves with Africans.Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
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““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
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European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
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The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish Spanish MissionMission
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New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals1. Portugal lacked the
numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
3. English start sailing, as well.
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New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
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Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease.2. Influx of gold, and
especially silver, into Europe
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened European rivalries.