Download - Duguma et al-landscape-restoration
The Restoration Agenda: Some Practical Issues
Lalisa A. Duguma, Anthony Kimaro and Peter Minang
World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) &ASB Partnership for Tropical Forest Margins
Restoration Opportunities: By Continent
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Source: The Global Partnership on Forest landscape Restoration http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/world_of_opportunity_brochure_2011-09.pdf
Growing Commitments!
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AFR100 – 100 M ha
I20X20 – 20 M ha
USA - 15 M ha
Bonn Challenge FLR >150 M ha
Indonesia – 28.88 M ha
And Now….Some countries are transitioning from commitment to implementation and a number of important issues need to be well articulated. � What is the landscape we want to achieve? � What are we intending to restore?� Which pathway or trajectory is appropriate?� Restoration from whose perspective? � What are the options for sustainable financing of restoration?
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But, can we learn from past experiences on how to deal with some of these pertinent issues?
General Features• 600-800 mm RF• Semiarid• Agropastoral communities• ‘The desert of Tanzania’
The drivers of change• Woodland clearance &
Expansion of cotton farms• Climate change• Villagization
DroughtEcosystem degradation
Wood, food and feed scarcity
The Shinyanga region, Tanzania
Committed GovernmentCommitted PeopleCommitted DonorsCommitted partners
Empowered communities
Recognition of local knowledge and practices
HASHI (Shinyanga Soil Conservation Programme) (1986-2004)
611 ha of managed Ngitili in 1986
611 ha of managed Ngitili in 1986
378,000 ha restored area in 2005
378,000 ha restored area in 2005
The Benefits
Carbon sequestration1986 - 611 ha (27,428 t C)2005 - 377,756 ha
(17 M t C)
Biodiversity conservation Bird species reemerged : 22-65Mammal species reemerged : 10Plant species in restored Ngitili:152
Economic values (Monela et al. 2005)Per capita economic value : 168 USD /yearRural per capita expenditure : 102 USD /year
Other ES benefitsHydrological functions: Dam construction and water management (“Water markets”)Soil management: Erosion controlSOM build-up
Social and Intrinsic values- Social cohesion - ‘Social security’
REDD+ piloting is already ongoing!!REDD+ piloting is already ongoing!!
1. What is the landscape we want to achieve?
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y Do we a ‘view’ of what we want to achieve?
y What are the determinants of success? And, How do we measure it?
¾ History: What led to the degradation?
¾ Dynamics of the drivers: Some drivers may fade while new ones may emerge.
¾ Context: In what context is restoration to happen?
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1930 1986
Sustainable agropastoral livelihood system
Ngitili (fodder bank system)
Indigenous Miombo and acacia woodlands
Tse tse fly eradication (clearing of woodlands)
Cash crops expansion
Overstocking
Increasing wood demand
Deforestation for villagization
Ngitili
Onfarm tree conservationImproved fallows
Rotational woodlots
The reference state The degradation phase The restoration phase
Community empowerment
Long-term investment from NORAD and ICRAF
Insecure tenure rights
The reconstruction of the dynamics in Shinyanga
2. What are we intending to restore?
• Interests – Often, landscapes are composed of multiple actors who have different priorities.
• Tradeoffs between functions
• A negotiated process to accommodate varying interests and perspectives
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Priority functions/services targeted in Shinyanga¾ Feed for livestock¾ Wood supply for energy and constructions¾ Restoring watershed services
3. Which pathway or trajectory is appropriate?
• What degree of flexibility do we allow to accommodate unforeseen changes? (Adaptive management….)
• Which pathway is relatively effective, efficient and fair?
• Which pathway can meet the needs and interests of the various stakeholders?
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AA
BB
Options in the Shinyanga case
¾ Ngitili (traditional)
¾ Enhanced Ngitili with AF systems
¾ Woodlots and plantations
4. From whose perspective?
• Whose vision is it?• Who makes the decision on what
has to be achieved?• Did we capture the voice of all
relevant stakeholders?
In Shinyanga, local people and local traditional institutional formed the main actors in the whole restoration process. Hence the implementation process was largely driven by the community.
5. Dealing with the sustainable financing of restoration?
• What kind of public-private partnerships could effectively work for restoration?
• How do we make restoration attractive for private investment?
Tanzanian Government
Norwegian Government
REDD+ (carbon financing)
Smallholders investment (Local enterprises - honey, feed market, water marketing, Tourism, …)
1986 2005
Output of the diagnostics of the success factors for restoration in Rwanda (Using ROAM)
14https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2014-030.pdf