Due Diligence, Legal and Regulatory Valuation aspects
Chander Sawhney
FCA, ACS, Certified Valuer (ICAI)
Vice President, Corporate Professionals
ICSICertificate Course of Valuation
Oct 2013
Contents
Particulars Pg. No.
What and Why 3
How 10
When and Who 22
Tricky Issues 54
WHAT & WHY
Value & Valuation
Value is*
An Economic concept;
An Estimate of likely prices to be concluded by the buyer and seller of a good or service
that is available for purchase;
Not a fact.
Valuation is the process of determining the “Economic Worth” of an Asset or
Company under certain assumptions and limiting conditions and subject to the data
available on the valuation date.
* Source -International Valuation Standard Council
Key Facts
PRICE IS NOT THE SAME AS VALUE
TRANSACTION CONCLUDES AT NEGOTIATED PRICES
VALUATION IS HYBRID OF ART & SCIENCE
VALUE VARIES WITH PERSON, PURPOSE AND TIME
S Standard of Valuation
T Thesis of Valuation
E Economics of Valuation
M Methodologies of Valuation
FAIR MARKET VALUE
INTRINSIC VALUE FAIR VALUE
INVESTMENT VALUE
Standard of Valuation
Thesis of Valuation Economics of Valuation
Methodologies of Valuation
Standard of Value is the hypothetical conditions under which a business is valued.
While selecting the Standard of Value following points is to be taken care of
Subject matter of Valuation;
Purpose of Valuation;
Statute;
Case Laws;
Circumstances.
Types of Standard of Value:
Standard of Valuation
Thesis of Valuation Economics of Valuation
Methodologies of Valuation
Thesis of Value is Premise of value which relates to the assumptions upon which
the valuation is based.
Premise of Value
Going Concern – Value as an ongoing operating business enterprise.
Liquidation – Value when business is terminated . It could be ‘forced’ or ‘orderly’.
Value-in-use
Value-in-exchange
Growing Cos.
Turnover/Profits: Increasing still Low Proven Track Record: Limited Valuation Methodology: Substantially on Business Model Cost of Capital: Quite High
High Growth Cos.
Turnover/Profits : Good Proven Track Record: Available Valuation Methodology: Business Model with Asset
Base Cost of Capital: Reasonable
Mature Cos.
Turnover/Profits: Saturated Proven Track Record: Widely Available Method of Valuation: More from Existing Assets Cost of Capital: May be High
Declining Cos.
`
Turnover/Profits: Drops Proven Track Record: Substantial
Operating History Method of Valuation: Entirely
from Existing Assets Cost of Capital: N.A.
Turnover/Profits: Negligible Proven Track Record: None Valuation Methodology: Entirely on Business Model Cost of Capital: Very High
Start Up Cos.
Turn
over
/ P
rofit
s
Time
Valuation across business cycle follow the law of economics
Standard of Valuation
Thesis of Valuation Economics of Valuation
Methodologies of Valuation
HOW
Enterprise / Business Value
Net Debt#
Equity#
Fixed Assets
Net Current Assets
Intangibles
Stakeholders Assets
# Based on Market Values
Standard of Valuation
Thesis of Valuation Economics of Valuation
Methodologies of Valuation
Valuation Approaches
Income Based Method
Market Based Method
Asset Based Method
Other Methods
While concluding Value, all the methodologies must be considered and then weights applied
as per the facts of the case. In other words, Value conclusion should be based on the
Professional Judgement and Simple Average should best be avoided while concluding
Value.
Need of several valuation methods?
Each has strengths and weaknesses
Different methods useful in different situations
Each gives a different “take” on the value of the company’s stock
Provides a range of valuations instead of point estimates
Helps in Sanity Check
Sources of Information for Valuation
Sources of Information
Historical financial results – Income Statement, Balance
Sheets and Cash Flows
Data available in Public Domain – Stock Exchange /
MCA/SEBI/Independent Report
Data on comparable companies – SALES/EV-
EBITDA/ PAT/BV
Promoters and Management background
Data on projects planned/under implementation including future
projection
Discussion and Representation with/by the management of the
Company
7
Industry and Regulatory trends
CASH FLOW Investor assign value based on the cash flow they expect to receive in the future - Dividends / distributions - Sale of liquidation proceeds Value of a cash flow stream is a function of - Timing of cash Receipt - Risk associated with the cashflow
ASSETS
Operating Assets - Assets used in the operation of the business including working capital, Property, Plant & Equipment & Intangible assets - Valuing of operating assets is generally reflected in the cash flow generated by the businessNon - Operating Assets - Assets not used in the operations including excess cash balances, and assets held for investment purposes, such as vacant land & Securities - Investors generally do not give much value to such assets and Structure modification may be necessary
Key drivers of valuation
That’s why DCF is most
prominent valuation
method
Need for Restructuring
• Mergers
• IPO
• RBI
• Income Tax
• ESOP
• Companies Act
• SEBI
• Stock Exchange
Purpose Regulatory Accounting
• Purchase Price Allocation
Dispute Resolution
• Company Law Board/ Courts
• Impairment / Diminution
• Arbitration
• Mediation
• Acquisitions / Investment
• Voluntary Assessment
Value Creation
• Equity Research
• Credit Rating
• Corporate Planning
Valuation depends upon
Choice of Valuation Approaches
“Value in Valuation is a question,
and
Your choice of Method is the first step
towards answer”
Applicability of a particular approach depends upon:
On whose behalf? – one buyer vs another buyer, buyer vs seller;
For what purpose? – independent strategic acquisition, group company consolidation, cross
border transaction;
When? – distress situation, industry downturn, boom etc;
Choice of Valuation Approaches
• In General, Income Approach is preferred;The dominance of profits for valuation of share was emphasised in “McCathies case”
(Taxation, 69 CLR 1) where it was said that “the real value of shares in a company will depend more on
the profits which the company has been making and should be capable of making, having regard to
the nature of its business, than upon the amount which the shares would realise on liquidation”.
This was also re-iterated by the Indian Courts in Commissioner of Wealth Tax v. Mahadeo Jalan’s
case (S.C.) (86 ITR 621) and Additional Commissioner of Gift Tax v. Kusumben D. Mahadevia (S.C.)
(122 ITR 38).
• However, Asset Approach is preferred in case of Asset heavy companies
and on liquidation;
•Market Approach is preferred in case of listed entity and to evaluate the
value of unlisted company by comparing it with its listed peers;
Company Specific Factors
• Management, Promoter Group
It is the alignment of
Company’s value via-a-
vis to its external
environment
• Operating, Capital and Corporate Finance Strategies
• Competitive advantages and cost position
• Product / Service offering / differentiation / pricing power
•Scale & Diversification
•Customer / Supplier concentration
•Corporate Governance
•Future prospects / Growth potential
•Industry peer group
•Regulatory environment
Industry Risk Analysis
• Good vs. Difficult industry
• Porter’s 5 forces
• Industry life cycle (growth)
• Industry cyclicality (earnings quality)
• Leading indicators
• Competition (ROIC)
• Pricing dynamics; Demand vs. Supply (ROIC)
• Changing business environments
• Regulation (ROIC)
• Product characteristics (earnings quality)
• Capital intensity and cost base (ROIC)
• Event risk
Following factors are required to
be considered:
Rule of Thumb
A rule of thumb or benchmark indicator is used as a
reasonableness check against the values determined by the
use of other valuation approaches.
Industry Valuation Parameters
Hospital EV/Room
Engineering Mcap/Order Book
Mutual Fund Asset under management
OIL EV/ Barrel of equivalent
Print Media EV/Subscriber
Power EV/MW, EBITDA/Per Unit
Entertainment & Media EV/Per screen
Metals EBITDA/Ton, EV/Metric ton
Textiles EBITDA depend upon capacity utilization Percentage & per spindle value
Pharma Bulk Drugs New Drug Approvals , Patents
Airlines EV/Plane or EV/passenger
Shipping EV/Order Book, Mcap/Order Book
Cement EV/Per ton & EBITDA/Per ton
Banks Non performing Assets , Current Account & Saving Account per Branch
However, Exclusive use of Rule of Thumb is not recommended
WHEN & WHO
Valuation in Indian Regulatory Environment
Inbound Investment Inbound Investment DFCFDFCF
Gift of Unquoted Equity Shares (Min)
Gift of Unquoted Equity Shares (Min)
NAVNAV
Outbound Investment Outbound Investment Valuer DiscretionValuer Discretion
Gift of Unquoted Shares other than Equity Shares Gift of Unquoted Shares
other than Equity Shares
Price it would fetch if sold in open market
Price it would fetch if sold in open market
Takeover Code/ Delisting - Infrequently Traded
Takeover Code/ Delisting - Infrequently Traded
Only Parameters Prescribed – Return on Net Worth, EPS,
NAV vis-a vis Industry Average
Only Parameters Prescribed – Return on Net Worth, EPS,
NAV vis-a vis Industry Average
Takeover Code/ Delisting - Frequently Traded
Takeover Code/ Delisting - Frequently Traded Based on Market PriceBased on Market Price
Reserve Bank of India
ESOP Tax ESOP Tax Valuer DiscretionValuer Discretion
ESOP AccountingESOP AccountingOption – Pricing ModelOption – Pricing Model
Income Tax
SEBI
CA / MBCA / MB
>5Mn$ - MB, otherwise CA/MB>5Mn$ - MB, otherwise CA/MB
--
MBMB
MBMB
--
CA/MBCA/MB
--
Stock Exchanges Preferential Allotment to promoters / their relatives for consideration other than cash
Preferential Allotment to promoters / their relatives for consideration other than cash
Valuer Discretion Valuer Discretion
Companies Act, 1956 Sweat EquitySweat Equity Valuer DiscretionValuer Discretion
CA / MBCA / MB
--
Transactions Prescribed Methodologies Mandate to be done by
SNAPSHOT OF REGULATORY VALUATIONS IN INDIA
Gift of Unquoted Equity Shares from Resident
(Max)
Gift of Unquoted Equity Shares from Resident
(Max)
DCF (Valuation Based on Assets, Business & Intangibles is also
acceptable)
DCF (Valuation Based on Assets, Business & Intangibles is also
acceptable)FCA / MBFCA / MB
Preferential Allotment to Others
Preferential Allotment to Others
Based on 26 weeks / 2 weeks Market Price
Based on 26 weeks / 2 weeks Market Price --
Companies Act, 2013
any property, stock, shares, debentures, securities or
goodwill or any other assets or the net worth of the
Company or its liabilities
any property, stock, shares, debentures, securities or
goodwill or any other assets or the net worth of the
Company or its liabilities
To be prescribedTo be prescribed REGISTERED VALUERREGISTERED VALUER
RBI Valuation Guidelines
FDI VALUATION
• Notification No. FEMA 20/2000-RB dated May 3, 2000, as amended from time to time deals
with Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or Issue of Security by a Person Resident Outside
India) Regulations, 2000.
•In terms of Schedule 1 of the Notification, an Indian company may issue equity
shares/compulsorily convertible preference shares and compulsorily convertible debentures
(equity instruments) to a person resident outside India under the FDI policy, subject to inter alia,
compliance with the pricing guidelines.
•The price/ conversion formula of convertible capital instruments should be determined upfront
at the time of issue of the instruments.
Particulars Valuation before April 21, 2010 Valuation after April 21, 2010
Guidelines in Force CCI Guidelines In case of FDI Transactions:Listed Company: Market Value as per SEBI Preferential Allotment Guidelines
Unlisted Company: DFCF
In case of ODI Transactions:No method has been prescribed
Methods Prescribed Net Assets Value (NAV)Profit Earning Capacity Value(PECV)Market Value (in case of Listed Company)
Discount 15% Discount has been prescribed on account of Lack of Marketability
No such Discount has been prescribed
Historical / Futuristic It is based on Historical Values It is based on Future Projections
Possibility of variation in Value Conclusion
As valuation is more Formulae based, final values came standardized
As valuation is more dependent on Assumptions and choice of factors like Growth Rate, Cost of Capital etc, value conclusion may vary significantly.
FEMA Guidelines to Valuation
Note: Valuation guidelines do not apply to SEBI registered venture capital
Discounted Free Cash Flow Method (DFCF)
Approaches to FDI Valuation
RBI has prescribed DFCF as the only valuation method in case of FDI (excluding for
initial subscription); but has not provided any guidance on its technical aspects.
Though DFCF is one of the most acceptable Valuation methods used by Business
valuers worldwide; however DFCF for all FDI transactions-excluding for initial
subscription (like minority stake/start up valuation etc) may not yield Fair Value in
line with the Commercial understanding. However Law being such, suitable Logical
adjustments may be necessary on a case to case basis.DFCF expresses the present value of the business as a function of its future cash earnings capacity. In this method, the appraiser estimates the cash flows of any business after all operating expenses, taxes, and necessary investments in working capital and capital expenditure is being met. Valuing equity using the free cash flow to stockholders requires estimating only free cash flow to equity holders, after debt holders have been paid off.
DFCF expresses the present value of the business as a function of its future cash earnings capacity. In this method, the appraiser estimates the cash flows of any business after all operating expenses, taxes, and necessary investments in working capital and capital expenditure is being met. Valuing equity using the free cash flow to stockholders requires estimating only free cash flow to equity holders, after debt holders have been paid off.
Forward Looking and focuses on cash generation
Recognizes Time value of Money
Allows operating strategy to be built into a model
Incorporates value of Tangible and Intangible assets
Only as accurate as assumptions and projections used
Works best in producing a range of likely values
It Represents the Control Value
Major Characteristics of DFCF Valuation
DFCF Valuation Process
Understand Business Model
Identify Business Cycle
Analyze Historical Financial Performance
Review Industry and Regulatory Trends
Understand Future Growth Plans (including Capex needs)
Segregate Business and Other Cash Generating Assets
Identify Surplus Assets (assets not utilized for Business say
Land/Investments)
Create Business Projections (Profitability statement and Balance Sheets)
Discount Business Projections to Present (Explicit Period and Perpetuity)
Add Value of Surplus Assets and Subtract Value of Contingent Liabilities
Free Cash Flows- Value Trend
Terminal Value is calculated for the Perpetuity period based on the Adjusted last year cash flows of the Projected period.
Free cash flows to firm (FCFF) is calculated as
EBITDAEBITDA
Taxes
Change in Non Cash Working capital
Capital Expenditure
Free Cash Flow to
Firm
Note that an alternate to above is following (FCFE) method in which the value of Equity is directly valued in lieu of the value of Firm. Under this approach, the Interest and Finance charges is also deducted to arrive at the Free Cash Flows. Adjustment is also made for Debt (Inflows and Outflows) over the definite period of Cash Flows and also in Perpetuity workings.
Theoretically, the value conclusion should remain same irrespective of the method followed (FCFF or FCFE), (Provided, assumptions are consistent).
FREE CASH FLOWS
Free Cash Flow calculation
DISCOUNT RATE – WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL
Where:D = Debt part of capital structureE = Equity part of capital structureKd = Cost of Debt (Post tax)Ke = Cost of Equity
(Kd x D) + (Ke x E)
(D + E)
In case of following FCFE, Discount Rate is Ke and Not WACC
WACC
Cost of Capital calculation
DISCOUNT RATE - COST OF EQUITY
Where:Rf = Risk free rate of return (Generally taken as 10-year Government Bond Yield)B = Beta Value (Sensitivity of the stock returns to market returns)Ke = Cost of EquityRm= Market Rate of Return (Generally taken as Long Term average return of Stock Market)SCRP = Small Company Risk PremiumCSRP= Company specific Risk premium
Mod. CAPM Modelke = Rf + B ( Rm-Rf) + SCRP + CSRP
The Cost of Equity (Ke) is computed by using Modified Capital Asset Pricing
Model (Mod. CAPM)
Cost of Equity calculation
PERPETUITY FORMULA
– Usually comprises a Large part of Total Value and is sensitive to small changes
– Capitalizes FCF after definite forecast period as a growing perpetuity;
– Estimate Terminal Value using Terminal Value Multiplier applied on last year cash flows
– Gordon Formula is often used to derive the Terminal CashFlows by applying the last year cash flows as a multiple of the growth rate and discounting factor
– Estimated Terminal Value is then discounted to present day at company’s cost of capital based on the discounting factor of last year projected cash flows
(1 + g)
(WACC – g)
IMPORTANT TIP- It is advised to do Sanity check by applying Relative Valuation Multiples to the Terminal Year Financials and also doing Scenario Analysis.
Terminal value calculation
An Insight of Valuation- www.CorporateValuations.in
SEBI / Stock Exchange Valuation Guidelines
Traded Turnover of Shares ≥ 10%
[In the Last Twelve Calendar Months preceding the Month of Public Announcement (P.A.)]
Takeover Regulations
APPLICABLE LAW:
SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares & Takeovers) Regulations, 2011
FREQUENTLY TRADED SHARES
Method of Valuation1.Highest Negotiated Price Per Share under agreement attracting the obligation to make P.A.
2.The volume weighted avg. price paid or payable by acquirer or PAC during the 52 Weeks;
3.The Highest Price paid or payable by acquirer or PAC in last 26 Weeks;
4.Volume weighted average Market Price of Shares for a period of 60 trading days
HIGHEST PRICE AMONG ALL IS THE VALUE PER SHARE FOR P.A.
Traded Turnover of Shares < 10%
[In the Last Twelve Calendar Months preceding the Month of Public Announcement (P.A.)]
INFREQUENTLY TRADED SHARES
Method of Valuation1.Book value, 2.Comparable Trading Multiples;
Such other Parameters as are customary for valuation of shares of such companies
Preferential Issue (1 of 3)
APPLICABLE LAW:
SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2009
Method of Valuation1.The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related equity shares quoted on the
recognised stock exchange during 26 weeks preceding the relevant date, or
2.The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related equity shares
quoted on the recognised stock exchange during 26 weeks preceding the relevant date.
HIGHEST PRICE AMONG ALL IS THE VALUE PER SHARE
Equity shares of issuer have been listed on recognized stock exchange for a period of 26 weeks or more as on relevant date
Preferential Issue ( 2 of 3)
APPLICABLE LAW:
SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2009
Method of Valuation
1. The price at which equity shares were issued by the issuer in its IPO or value per share
arrived at in a scheme of arrangement under section 391 to 394 of the Companies Act, 1956,
pursuant to which the equity shares of the issuer were listed, as the case may be , or
2.The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related equity shares
quoted on the recognised stock exchange during the period shares have been listed
preceding the relevant date, or
3.The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related equity shares
quoted on the recognised stock exchange during 2 weeks preceding the relevant date.
HIGHEST PRICE AMONG ALL IS THE VALUE PER SHARE
Equity shares of issuer have been listed on recognized stock exchange for a period of less than 26 weeks as on relevant date
Preferential Issue ( 3 of 3)
APPLICABLE LAW:
SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2009
Method of Valuation
No Method for Valuation has been prescribed.
Equity shares have been issued to promoters / their relatives for consideration other than
cash, The VALUATION OF ASSETS in consideration for which the equity shares are
issued shall be done by an independent valuer
Valuer
Chartered Accountant or a Merchant Banker
ESOP Accounting Valuation
APPLICABLE LAW:
SEBI (ESOS and ESPS) Guidelines, 1999
Method of Valuation
Black-Scholes Model
If a Company listed on recognised stock exchange in India and issued shares under an
ESOS / ESPS, the fair value of stock option shall be estimated using an option pricing model
(Black-Scholes or a binomial model) which shall be treated as employee compensation cost
for the Company.
Valuer
Not Prescribed
Income Tax Act-1961
Equity Shares Valuation
APPLICABLE LAW:
Income Tax Act – 1961 and Rule 11UA
Method of Valuation
Minimum Valuation- Net Asset Value
Maximum Valuation- DCF and other methods factoring Tangible and Intangibles
If Individual, HUF, Firm or *closely held Company receives Equity shares of a closely held
Company – Valuation norms shall apply.
Valuer
No specific Valuer prescribed for undertaking Minimum Value
FCA / Merchant Banker for determining Maximum Value
*If a Public Listed Company receives any shares or anyone receives shares of a Public listed Company, valuation norms are not applicable if transaction takes at market price.
Valuation of shares other than Equity Shares
APPLICABLE LAW:
Income Tax Act – 1961 and Rule 11UA
Method of Valuation
Price at which such shares will fetch in the open market.
If Individual, HUF, Firm or *closely held Company receives shares other than Equity shares
of a closely held Company – Valuation norms shall apply.
Valuer
Valuation report to be issued by Merchant Banker
ESOP Tax Valuation
APPLICABLE LAW:
Income Tax Act – 1961 and Notification no. 94/2009 dated 18.12.2009 issued by CBDT
Method of Valuation
No method has been prescribed
To determine the value of perquisite taxable in hands of employees
Valuer
SEBI registered category – I Merchant Banker
Companies Act- 2013
Registered Valuer – Sec 247
Registered Valuer
Financial Valuer Technical Valuer
• A Chartered
Accountant, Company
Secretary or Cost
Accountant
• A Merchant Banker
registered with the
Securities and
Exchange Board of
India
• Member of the
Institute of Engineers
or Member of the
Institute of Architects
• A Merchant Banker
registered with the
Securities and
Exchange Board of
India
Shall have 5 Years of Continues Experience
Shall have 5 Years of Continues Experience
having in employment under it, either a
chartered accountant or company secretary
or cost accountant and either of whom shall
have continuous experience of five
years
having in employment under it, either a
member of Institute of Engineers / Architects
and either of whom shall have continuous
experience of five years
Stock, Shares, Debentures, Securities, Goodwill
Property
Registered Valuer – Sec 247
Registered Valuer (Financial Valuation)
Values
• Valuer not to be interested • Valuer to exercise due diligence• Valuation to be done as per rules• Valuer liable for damages on default
Accounting Valuation
What is a Purchase Price Allocation?
-an acquiring entity must allocate the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the date of acquisition;
-The excess of the cost of an acquired entity (including tangible and intangible assets) over the net of the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as “Goodwill”;
Consideration paid for
acquisitionAllocated to
Tangible Assets
Intangible Assets
Goodwill
In Proportion
to Fair Value
Balancing Figure
Purchase Price Allocation
Why Purchase Price Allocation?
-Intangible assets recognized separately from goodwill must be valued and amortized for financial reporting purposes, if appropriate
-This may result in better Tax planning for undertaking the transactions of acquisition of assets and liabilities; Under Slump sale transaction, specifically the Intangible Assets can be separately accounted for by the Acquirer and Depreciation also claimed under the provisions of Indian Income Tax Law.
-PPA is used to allocate the Business Value between Tangible and Intangible Assets.
Purchase Price Allocation
Tricky Issues
Discounts
• Discount for Entity Level
Discounts & Premiums come into picture when there exist difference between the
subject being valued and the Methodologies applied. As this can translate control value
to non-control and vise versa , so these should be judiciously applied.
– Impact on entity as a whole
Key Person DiscountDiscount for Contingent Liability
Discount for diversified companyDiscount for Holding Company
•Discount for Shareholders Level– Impact on specific ownership interestDiscount Lack of Control (DLOC)Discount Lack of Marketability (DLOM)
•Size of distribution or dividends
•Dispute
•Revenue / Earning – Growth / Stability
•Private Company
Tax Payout
•% stake & special rights
•Shareholders Agreement caveats
Global Studies over the years on diversified
companies and holding companies has shown
that companies trade at a discount in the range
of 20%. to 40% each.
DLOM: As per CCI Guidelines, 15%
discount has been prescribed; however
practically DLOM and DLOC depends
upon following factors:
Premium
•Control Premium - An investor seeking to acquire control of a company is typically
willing to pay more than the current market price of the
company. Control premium is an amount that a buyer is usually
willing to pay over the fair market value of a publicly traded
company to acquire controlling stake in a company
Research has shown that the control premium in
India has ranged from 20% to 37% in the past few
years.
Excess Cash and Non Operating Assets
Excess cash is defined as ‘total cash (in balance
sheet) – operating cash (i.e. minimum required
cash) to sustain operations (working capital) and
manage contingencies
Key Issue: Estimation of Excess Cash ?
Non operating Assets are the Surplus assets which are not used in operations of the business and does not
reflect its value in the operating earnings of the company. Therefore the fair market value of such Assets should
be separately added to the value derived through valuation methodologies to arrive at the value of the company.
One of the solutions is to estimate average
cash/sales or total balance sheet size of the
company’s relevant Industry and then estimate if the
company being valued has cash in excess of the
industry’s average.
What is an asset is not yielding adequate returns ?
Cross Holding and Investments
Holdings in other firms can be categorized into:
Types of Cross Holding Meaning
Minority, Passive Investments If the securities or assets owned in another firm represent less
than 20% of the overall ownership of that firm
Minority, Active Investments If the securities or assets owned in another firm represent
between 20% and 50% of the overall ownership of that firm
Majority, Active Investments If the securities or assets owned in another firm represent more
than 50% of the overall ownership of that firm
Investment Value
Ways to value Cross Holding and Investments:
Dividend Yield Capitalization or DCF based on expected
dividends Seperate Valuation (Preferred)
By way of Shareholders
Agreement even less %
holding may command
control value
Accounting Practices and Tax issues
Most of the information that is used in
valuation comes from financial statements.
which in turn are made on certain
Accounting practices considered
appropriate.
•Cash Accounting v/s Accrual Accounting
•Operating Lease v/s Financial Lease
•Capitalization of Expenses
•Notional Tax vs. Actual Tax
•Treatment of Intangible Assets
•Companies Paying MAT
•Treatment of Tax benefits and Losses
Valuation Methodologies and Value Impact
Major Valuation Methodologies Ideal for Result
Net Asset Value
Net Asset Value (Book Value) Minority ValueEquity Value
Net Asset Value (Fair Value) Control Value
Comparable Companies Multiples (CCM) Method
Price to Earning , Book Value MultipleMinority Value
Equity Value
EBIT , EBITDA Multiple Enterprise Value
Comparable Transaction Multiples (CTM) Method
Price to Earning , Book Value MultipleControl Value
Equity Value
EBIT , EBITDA Multiple Enterprise Value
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
Equity Control Value Equity Value
Firm Enterprise Value
IRS Revenue Ruling (1959-60),USA
• Revenue Ruling (RR) 1959-60 is one of the oldest guidance available on Valuation in the
world but still most relevant for Tax Valuations specifically for Valuing closely held
common stock. It is the most widely referenced revenue ruling, also often referenced for
Non Tax Valuations.
• While Valuing , it gives primary guidance on eight basic factors to consider-
• Nature of the Business and the History of the Enterprise from its inception
• Economic outlook in general and outlook of the specific industry in particular
• Book Value of the stock and the Financial condition of the business
• Earning Capacity of the company
• Dividend-Paying Capacity of the company.
• Goodwill or other Intangible value
• Sales of the stock and the Size of the block of stock to be valued
• Market prices of stock of corporations engaged in the same or a similar line of business
Email : [email protected]
Mobile: 9810557353; Direct: 40622252
www.corporatevaluations.in;
D-28, South Extention, Part-I, New Delhi-110049
Chander Sawhney, Vice PresidentCorporate Professionals Capital Pvt. Ltd.
SEBI registered merchant banker
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