Download - Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways
![Page 1: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Driving Behaviour1. Why Highways are Good Laboratories2. Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways3. Why Not More Research on Driving Behaviour?4. Aggressive Driving Definitions5. Prevalence of Aggressive Driving6. OPP Study
a) OPP Study Coding Schemeb) OPP Study Coding Scheme Examplec) OPP Study Results d) OPP Study Conclusions e) Potential Applications of the OPP Study
7. The Focus on Driver Anger and Driver Stress8. Class Question: What variables contribute to driver stress?9. Job Stress Study
a) Primary Research Questionb) Dependent Variable: State driver stressc) Personality and Situational Variables Assessedd) Participant Recruitinge) Measuresf) Proceduresg) Resultsh) Applications and Future Directions
10. Road Rage: Havoc on the Highway (Film)
![Page 2: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why Highways are Good Laboratories
• High traffic volumes facilitate the study of infrequently displayed behaviour
• Drivers may feel deindividuated• Low probability of future encounters with the
same drivers• Certain behaviours (e.g., driver vengeance)
may not be seen off the road• Multiple stressors present in highway driving• Highways are ubiquitous
![Page 3: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways
• Prosocial behaviours (helping, courtesy, cooperation, etc.)
• Anti-social behaviours (aggression, violence, vengeance, etc.)
• Social influence processes (conformity, modelling, norm formation, etc.)
• Deindividuation• Cognitive processes (attention, distraction)• Perceptual processes• Wayfinding & route learning• Stress and coping
![Page 4: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why Not More Research on Driving Behaviour?
• Funding difficulties: too applied for psychological funding agencies and too academic for road safety professionals
• Lack of funding for out-of-province researchers by transportation ministries
• Road safety professionals are mostly engineers and tend to view problems as attributable to technical reasons and see engineering solutions to problems
![Page 5: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Why Not More Research on Driving Behaviour?
• The problem driver has traditionally been viewed as the alcohol consuming driver, so attempts to control this problem has dominated the international agenda
• Difficulties in securing cooperation to study behaviour on roadways
• Laboratory research is easier and more convenient to perform
![Page 6: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Aggressive Driving - Definitions
• Aggressive Driving = “any driving behaviour that intentionally… endangers others psychologically, physically, or both”– more of a traffic offense– e.g., giving finger, cutting someone off
• Road Rage = “assaultive behaviour with the intent of bodily harm and possible homicide”– more of a criminal offense– a more extreme form of aggressive driving– e.g., chasing, forcing someone off the road, shooting at others
• Assertive Driving = unsafe driving practices without the intent to harm, usually due to self-oriented motivations
– e.g., speeding or weaving between lanes because late
![Page 7: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Prevalence of Aggressive Driving
• Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) received up to 500 telephone calls per week complaining about aggressive driving behaviour (Mitchell, 1997).
• 90% of American Automobile Association members reported witnessing an aggressive driving incident in the last year (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2000).
• 88% of Canadian drivers admitted to engaging in aggressive driving behaviour within the past year (Nerves of Steel Study, 2002).
![Page 8: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Prevalence of Aggressive Driving
• 65% of Canadians considered driver aggression to be a serious or extremely serious problem. Ontarians were the most concerned Canadian drivers (Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2001).
• Estimates indicated that aggressive driving contributed to 28,000 highway deaths per year in the USA (“Road Rage”, 1997)
![Page 9: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
OPP StudyWickens, C. M., Wiesenthal, D. L., & Rippey, K. (in press). Motorists' perceptions of aggressive driving: A
comparative analysis of Ontario and California drivers. In D. A. Hennessy & D. L. Wiesenthal (Eds.). Contemporary issues in road user behavior and traffic safety. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
• At various times throughout the year, the OPP engages in well-publicized aggressive driving enforcement campaigns
• Motorists were encouraged to pull off to the side of the highway, and to call in and report aggressive drivers
• 14,406 telephone calls concerning driving complaints were made to the OPP Call Centre in the year 2000
![Page 10: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
OPP Study Coding SchemeA) Improper Speed - (i) Speeding/Racing
(ii) Unnecessary Slow Driving
(iii) Sporadic Speeds
B) Tailgating
C) Dangerous Lane Changes/Lane Usage
D) Improperly Equipped and Unsafe Vehicle
E) Disobedience of Traffic Signs and Signals
F) Hostile Driver Displays
G) Erratic Driver
H) Driver Inattention
I) Hazardous Road Conditions Not Attributable to Driver Behaviour
J) Cannot be Classified
• Each call could be placed in any one or more categories.
![Page 11: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
OPP StudyCoding Scheme Example
• “Possibly impaired, weaving, nearly forced me off the road, no headlights.”
• Coded as:• Erratic driver• Dangerous lane changes and lane usage• Improperly equipped and unsafe vehicle
![Page 12: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Driver Complaints to the OPPN=14406
8976
5551
2533
897 630 227 204 202 135 131 515
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Fre
qu
en
cy
![Page 13: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Monthly Complaints to the OPP N=14406
738 736
984 967
13201411
1633
1830
1596
1316
1044
831
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Fre
qu
en
cy
![Page 14: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Daily Complaints to the OPPN=14406
19011721
18832049
2134
2549
2169
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat
Fre
qu
en
cy
![Page 15: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Time of Complaints to the OPPN=14406
710
341
1263
2104
2717
3070
2532
1669
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Fre
qu
en
cy
![Page 16: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
OPP Study Conclusions
• Increased traffic congestion is related to Increased traffic congestion is related to the number of reported incidents of the number of reported incidents of aggressive driving behaviour. This is aggressive driving behaviour. This is consistent with the findings of Hennessy consistent with the findings of Hennessy & Wiesenthal (1997, 1999), who found & Wiesenthal (1997, 1999), who found evidence for congestion-induced stress evidence for congestion-induced stress leading to aggressive roadway leading to aggressive roadway behaviours.behaviours.
![Page 17: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Potential Applications of the OPP Study
• Identification of appropriate targets and time periods for future OPP enforcement campaigns
• Focus of media campaigns, advertisements, and warning signs
• Themes for driver education and testing
![Page 18: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Focus on Driver Anger and Driver Stress
• Causal or correlational relationship
• Limitations of research methodology
![Page 19: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What variables contribute to driver stress?
![Page 20: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Job Stress StudyWickens, C. M., & Wiesenthal, D. L. (2005). State driver stress as a function of occupational stress,
traffic congestion, and trait stress susceptibility. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 10, 83-97.
• Primary Research Question: – What is the effect of job stress on state driver
stress?
• Dependent Variable:– State Driver Stress = the stress experienced
by the driver in the actual driving environment
![Page 21: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Personality and Situational Variables Assessed in the Job Stress Study
• Traffic congestion
• Trait driver stress
(general disposition or trait susceptibility to driver stress)
• Occupational stress
• Time urgency
• Perceived control
• Gender
![Page 22: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Participant Recruiting in the Job Stress Study
• Snowball sampling
• Criteria for Participation:– Travel home from work alone– Along a 400- or similar series highway– Encounter both high and low traffic congestion
on highway during this commute
• Sought 59, only got 42! From a wide variety of workplaces!
![Page 23: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Measures in the Job Stress Study
• Trait Driver Stress - Driving Behaviour Inventory General
(DBI-Gen)
• State Driver Stress - State Driver Stress Questionnaire (SDSQ)
• Occupational Stress - Job Stress Survey (JSS)
• Demographic and Vehicle Information
![Page 24: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Please indicate the extent to which you agree with each item, in general, when you drive your vehicle.
0 ------------------------------ 50 ------------------------------ 100TOTALLY MODERATELY TOTALLYDISAGREE AGREE AGREE
1. In general I mind being overtaken.2. I am annoyed to drive behind slow moving vehicles.3. Driving usually makes me feel aggressive.4. When I try but fail to overtake I am usually bothered.5. I am usually patient during the rush hour.6. I lose my temper when another driver does something silly.7. Driving usually makes me feel frustrated.8. When I try but fail to overtake I am usually frustrated.9. I feel tense when overtaking another vehicle.10. When irritated, I drive aggressively.11. I feel satisfied when overtaking another vehicle.
![Page 25: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Procedures for the Job Stress Study
• Completed DBI-Gen, JSS, and demographic, occupational, and vehicle use survey.
• Identified high and low traffic areas and places to safely park vehicle.
• On evening of the testing session, drove through first traffic area and called experimenter. SDSQ was administered over phone. Procedures repeated for second traffic area.
![Page 26: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Results of Job Stress Study
• Drivers experienced more state driver stress in high traffic congestion.
• High trait stress drivers experienced more state driver stress.
• More time-urgent drivers experienced more state driver stress.
• Drivers with more perceived control experienced less stress.
![Page 27: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Job stress led to more driver stress in light traffic congestion but not high traffic congestion.
• What?#!....Hmm…..
Results of Job Stress Study
![Page 28: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Curvilinear Relationship?
• LOW CONGESTION: Minimal cognitive resources required, thus occupational stressors able to impact on a driver’s perception of the roadway environment.
• MEDIUM (CROWDED BUT MOVING) CONGESTION: More attention and focus required for safe operation of the vehicle. This more intense concentration prevents occupational stressors from entering a driver’s immediate consciousness and adding to the immediate experience of driver stress.
• HIGH (STOP-AND-GO) CONGESTION: Minimal cognitive resources required, thus occupational stressors able to impact on a driver’s perception of the roadway environment.
![Page 30: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Men and women reported similar levels of state driver stress.
• This is consistent with previous research:– Aggressive Driving = no gender difference– Road Rage = more men than women
Results of Job Stress Study
![Page 31: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Applications and Future Directions of Job Stress Study
• Education and treatment programs
![Page 32: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Applications and Future Directions of Job Stress Study
• Springboard to other research – E.g. effects of driver stress on job stress
• Reduces frustration tolerance• Increases social hostility• Increases perception of workplace hassles
• Cost of employee commuting in terms of lost employee productivity, strained employee relations, employee lateness and absenteeism, etc.??
• Encourage employers to reduce both job stress (through employee assistance programs, conflict mediation, etc.) and driver stress (through flex hours and work-from-home opportunities)??
![Page 33: Driving Behaviour Why Highways are Good Laboratories Behaviours that Could be Studied on Roadways](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5681394e550346895da0eac7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Final Exam
• When: December 8th, 8:00 am
• Where:– Last name A-I: SHE 554– Last name J-R: SHE 560– Last name S-Z: SHE 598