Development of Low Cost Synchronization Oscillators for Stand Alone Communication
Networks for Efficient Information Broadcasting in Geographically
Challenging Locations
Development of Low Cost Synchronization Oscillators for Stand Alone Communication
Networks for Efficient Information Broadcasting in Geographically
Challenging Locations
Dr. K. S. Daya (PI) & Prof. G.S.Tyagi (Co-PI)Microwave Physics Laboratory
Department of Physics & Computer ScienceDayalbagh Educational Institute
Dayalbagh, Agra – 282 110
In Collaboration with
Dr. K. S. Daya (PI) & Prof. G.S.Tyagi (Co-PI)Microwave Physics Laboratory
Department of Physics & Computer ScienceDayalbagh Educational Institute
Dayalbagh, Agra – 282 110
In Collaboration with
Dr. M. T. Sebastian (Co-PI)National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology(CSIR Laboratory)Trivandrum
Prof. Norbert Klein (Co-PI)Chair in Electromagnetic NanomaterialsDepartment of Materials, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZUK
(Submitted to Ministry of Human Resource & Development under the Scheme on National Mission on Education through Information and Technology)
In support withJuha Maata & Raj Bansal Rajiv Gandhi Center for Advanced ResearchNokia Siemens Networks, Finland Imperial College London
The wireless communication sector represents one of the most important arenas of research and expansion. The last two decades has been considered to be the era of wireless communications being led by two major trends:
•the outburst of wireless multiple access communications, •offering mobility to the telephone users and the mobile multimedia.
In year 2002, the transmission of the data traffic started to exceed voice traffic. The numbers of mobile subscribers and internet users have also recorded a significant growth over the past few years.
Expectations
The research community is presented with an expectation to accommodate these ever increasing demands with solutions through which it will be possible to access data and voice anytime, anywhere and at low cost.
Services and features expected Freedom in SpaceFreedom in TimeFreedom in Use Of Services
Ubiquitous Network Society
UbiquitousConnects everyone and everything
Easy connection to networks anytime, anywhere, by anythingand anyone• ICT will be everywhere in daily life for user-friendly societyPerson to person plus Person to Goods, and Goods to Goods• In every aspect, communication will take the more important role in society
Universal User FriendlyFriendly to people•Can be used by anyone without thinking of the equipment or network•The elderly and disabled will be able toparticipate in society with ICT
User-orientedFrom the user’s viewpoint
Close to the user• For a society that is user-orientated than asociety where objects are given by the supplier• Developing technologies and services that areconnected to the needso Users can be suppliers• Create a total of 100 million prosumers.
UniqueCreative & Vigorous
Create individual energy• A new society where your dreams come true Vitalize the society• Create new social systems and business services• Get out from the norm and realize localrevitalization with creativity
Global Initiative Through ICTGlobal Initiative Through ICT
All the winds are blowing in the same direction to collectively create a Better World Order Through ICT
USAUbiquitous ComputingCalm ComputingPervasive Computing Europe
Ubiquitous CommunicationsAmbient IntelligencePervasive ComputingEver Net
JapanUbiquitous NetworkZen ComputingU-Japan
KoreaU-Korea
SingaporeSentient Computing
INDIA
NMEICT
Immediate Challenges & Solutions
Challenges are…..Need for a low cost sustainable communication network
Solution is possible throughIntegration of different technology and decentralization
of networks
And one of the proposed solution is
STAND ALONE NETWORKS
A Comparison ….A Comparison ….
Conventional Architecture
A Comparison ….A Comparison ….Stand Alone Architecture
Drawbacks of Standalone networksDrawbacks of Standalone networks
Core Network
Conventional Network
Perfect Synchronization through primary reference clock
Control Point
Standalone network
Loss of synchronization due to absence of PRC
Objective
• Dielectric Resonator Oscillator (DRO)– High frequency– Low phase noise
• Purpose of DRO– Reference for synchronization in the transceiver of
stand alone networks
• Advantages of DRO– Frequency stability– Temperature stablility– High Quality factor (50,000 – 120,000 at 2.4 GHz)– Dielectric resonator minimizes noise– Low construction cost
Word about the Partners
Microwave Group at Dayalbagh Established for last twenty years Diverse experience in device design and characterization of
dielectrics, ferrites and novel materials. Industrial Experience at Nokia Siemens Networks in the RF
research and development. Well equipped high frequency measurement facility (Funding
from NMEICT for pilot phase of the project)
National Partners
Dr. M. T. SebastianDielectric & Ceramic GroupNational Institute of Interdisciplinary Science &
Technology, Trivandrum.
More than 15 years of experience in synthesis of dielectric and ceramic materials for microwave applications
More than 200 publications and world known for their tailor made dielectric materials
International Partners
Prof. Norbert KleinImperial College, London• Prof. Klein’s Group at FZ- Juelich, Germany is world known for
low phase noise measurements of Oscillators.• Extensive research publications & patents on microwave
devices like filters, antennas and oscillators for communication networks.
• Presently, the group at Imperial College is a pioneer in left handed materials and their applications in microwave systems.
Industrial Partners
Nokia Siemens NetworksParticipating Member From Finland: Dr Juha MaataFrom India: Dr Rajesh BansalNSN are world leaders in networking and are the first to
introduce and implement stand alone networks.
Emisens GermanySpecialist in interface development for microwave modules
Dielectric Resonator Oscillator
Design Frequency – 2.4 GHz (Unlicensed Band)
L.M. Gavrilovska and V. M. Atanasovski, “Interoperability in future wireless communications system: A roadmap to 4G,” Microwave Review, June 2007
Introduction
Microwave Oscillator form the core component in communication and navigation link. The desired features in an Oscillators are:•Low Noise•Small Size•High Efficiency•Temperature stability•ReliabilityOne of the solution is Dielectric Oscillator due to high Q, low loss and compactness for easy integration in embedded environment.
General Configuration of DRO
Active Device
Passive Circuit
a1a’1
b’1b1a2 a’2
b’2b2
An oscillator can be considered as a combination of an active and passive part.
Oscillation conditions are defined by the transmission and reflection coefficients of the two modules.
Development Phase
Phase DEI NIIST ICL NSN EMSN
1 Synthesis of Dielectric Materials √
2 Characterization Dielectric √
√
√ √
√Active Element
3 Design √ √
4 Lab Testing √ √
5 Temperature stability √ √
6 Design Optimization √ √ √ √ √
7 Testing at NSN √ √ √ √ √
Strategy
Reverse EngineeringA simple dielectric oscillator will be designed for characterization (dielectric materials tend to behave differently in an embedded environment from an isolated bounded medium)
After isolated characterization of each elements, they will be tested on the oscillator. ( An idea about the possible source of noise at the beginning is better than debugging the complex design in maze!)
Removal and know how of problem at the root point will lead to more efficient and perennial design.
Challenges and Solution
Temperature stability and High Quality factor of the resonator. (Dr Sebastian will discuss)
Jitter Noise at High Frequency Design of frequency selective slow wave structures like EBG for reduction of unwanted frequency. (A novel feature to attain nearly zero loss at room temperature)ResultsonEBG.ppt
Phase NoiseBy having tailor made dielectric materials with high selectivity and Q.
Dielectric resonator
d
Dielectricresonator
Microstrip
oQj
RNZ
/21
2
LCo /1
Equivalent series impedance
Where N =coupling factor/turn ratioQ=R/oL (unloaded resonator)
o
ooL
o
e Z
RN
LNR
LR
Q
Qg
2/
/ 2
2
Ratio of unloaded to external Q is given by
RL=2Zo for loaded resistance = Zo for transmission line
where
Continue (Dielectric resonator)
g
g
RNZ
RN
ZRNZ
ZRNZ
ooo
oo
12 2
2
2
2
1
g
Reflection coefficient looking on terminated microstrip feedline towards resonator is given by
or
Q can be determined by simple measurement of reflection coefficient
Dielectric resonator oscillator
Matching andterminating
networkZo
DR
Matching andterminating
networkZo
DR
Parallel feedback Series feedback
But what we propose to do is…
Creating structures which can ideally replace the PRC operating at cryogenic temperatures with novel structures and materials, but at very low cost!!!
These Oscillators is proposed to design with stability of 5 ppm. (Existing – 40 ppm at Tranciever end)
Prof. Klein….Presentation_Norbert_Ministry_India_1.ppt
Non-Recurring Budget
DEIS.No. ITEM
Cost in Lakhs (in INR)
1 e-beam lithography 2002 Oxygen Plasma Etch 403 Thin Film deposition system 504 Site Preparation 2505 Class 10000 clean room 650
6Cryogenic temperature measurement system 33
7 RF band solve suite 15
8Microwave studio (perpetual license) 22
9 Cables connectors and Launchers 1510 Books & Journals 1511 Clean room furniture 1512 Computers 1013 Other software 15
14PLG set up (wet stations and development station) 200
15 SEM 150
16Double sided proximity type exposure unit 10
17 Equipments for machining 10
18GLP Furniture ( For Lab and Clean room) 35
19 GSM Analyser 5020 Signal Generator (67 GHZ) 7021 Spectrum Analyser 6022 Other equipment 4023 VSWR Meter 1024 Furnace 3525 High Frequency Mixers 70
Total Non Recurring Cost 2070
NIISTS.No. Item Tentative
Price in Lakhs
1 Agilent Analogue Signal Generator
49
2 Agilent Spectrum Analyser up to 50 GHz
56
3 Teraview Terahertz Time domain Spectrometer
210
4 Microwave Measurement system
35
5 Dry Etching system 35
6 Other Equipment 15
SUM 400
Imperial CollegeS.
No.
Item QuantityCost in Lakhs
Non-Recurring 1. Resonator/substrate
characterization facilities
35.002 Press for shaping
samples 25.03. Hot press up to 7000C 1
25.004. Furnace 1 15.005. Electronic weighing
balance 1
1.56 TGA/DTA 1 35.07 Polishing machine 1 10.08. Cables, connectors,
die for pressing samples, 2.00
9. Laptop Computer 1 1.010 Die sets of different
sizes 2.011 Thermal conductivity
measurement set up1
4212 Substrate metallization
facility 1
22.0013 Books 2.514 Paltinum
plates/crucibles 2.0
Total Non- recurring Cost in Lakhs
220
Recurring Budget
Name of the Institution Proposed Non Recurring Budget in CroresDayalbagh Educational Institute 2.02NIIST, Trivandrum 0.32Imperial College, London 2.82
TOTAL in Crore 5.16
Outcomes
Developed Oscillators will provideSustainabilityRepeatability at low cost to stand alone networks at
very low cost.
This Technology will open up a new horizon of decentralized networks leading to a ubiquitous network society.NSN.ppt
Relevance to Mission Objective
Conventional Network
Component Estimated Cost
MSC USD 20 million
PRC USD 1 million
Transcoder USD 0.1 million
BSC USD 0.5 million
BTS USD 2000 - 100000
Antennas USD 10000
Total Cost USD 21.71 Million
Comparison of CAPEX
Stand Alone Network
And a DRO to replace PRCEstimated cost ~ USD 200
Component Estimated Cost
2-PC (1GHz, 512MB RAM)
USD 2000
BTS USD 2000
Antennas USD 10000
VC Software USD 5000
Total Cost USD 19000
Spectacular reduction in capex !!!
Proposed Outcome
Proposed Oscillator will provide sustainability to the decentralized networks.
Bring down the cost of installation operation and services considerably.
Due to the optional need of the core network the architecture can provide ubiquitous connectivity.
Thank You