Download - Dr. John McGlone - Market pig transport
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Marketing and Transportation
1:30 Growth and development implications at
heavier weights - Dr. John Patience
2:00 Impact of heavy market weights on facility
and equipment needs - Dr. Mike Brumm
3:00 Market transportation implications - Dr.
John McGlone
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Establishing Bedding Requirements for
Finishing Pigs Going to Slaughter*
John J. McGlone, PhD, Professor, TTU
Anna Butters-Johnson, Assoc. Professor, ISU
Avi Sapkota, Graduate Student, TTU
Art Coquelin, Staff, TTU
Rebecca Davis, Graduate Student, ISU
And a host of other students, staff, drivers, and
farm and plant workers
* Boarding and Misting
requirements will be
assessed later
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Overview
• Over 100 million pigs are transported
to market each year in the USA
• The rate of DOA has been about
0.2% in recent years and the rate of
non-ambulatory pigs is about the same
(~0.2% or more)
• Over 400,000/year pigs have a
negative welfare experience during
transport to market
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Overview
• Pig transport losses are
major issues because:
• Its direct economic impact
for the farm and plant
• Its animal welfare concern
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Background
Field data indicate that the rate of non-ambulatory, non-injured
pigs increases in cold weather (Sutherland, 2009).
50 F 86 F68 F
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Background
Field data indicate that the rate of DOA pigs increases in
warm weather (Sutherland, 2009).
y = 0.0062x - 0.1091R2 = 0.9774
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
60 70 80 90 100 110
DO
A,
%
Air Temperature, F
Dead on Arrival (note linear increase above 70 F)
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TQA Program
According to TQA Handbook, in driver code of
ethics,
• Transporter must have access to clean bedding approved
by the packer, and must be used during transport.
• Provide extra bedding (wood shavings, wheat straw, corn
stubble) during winter
• TQA recommendations:
* Minimum openings are needed for ventilation even in the coldest weather.
† Consider using sand or wetting bedding if it is not too humid and trucks are
moving.
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Objective
• To define the bedding requirements of pigs
during transportation in commercial settings
during:
• Cold weather
• Mild weather
• Warm weather
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Study Design and Sample Size
Months Bedding levels,
bales/trailer*
Air Temperature
Range
Jan-Feb 6, 12 -13 to 20 C
8 to 68 F
March-May 3, 6, 12 -2 to 21 C
28 to 70 F
June-July 3, 5, 7, 9 16 to 45 C
61 to 113 F
* 22.7 kg/bale or 50 lb
0.2 m3/bale or 7 ft3/bale
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Background
Number of
bales/deck mm inches
Eights of
an inch
1 9.5 3/8 3/8
1.5 11.1 3.5/8 3.5/8
3 15.9 5/8 5/8
6 25.4 1 8/8
1 Bale
For a straight deck 53’ X 102” trailer
3 Bales
6 Bales
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Study Design and Sample Size
Months Temperature Number
Trailers
Number pigs
Jan-Feb Cold 173 29,410
March-May Mild 345 58,650
June-July Warm 254 43,180
Total -- 772 131,240
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Materials and Methods
At finishing site:
• Random assignment of bedding level
• Information on bedding level, number of loads on that
bedding, boarding percentage
• Five sensors collected temperature and humidity in
different four compartments and one outside the trailer
from start of load to unload
• Handling methods, handling devices, intensity (on a
scale of 1 to 5, 1 being the mildest; 5 being
aggressive/abusive)
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Materials and methods
At finishing site:
• Number of vocalizations, slips/falls, signs of stress
• Management aspects of farms: type of barn, facilities
like pen size, aisle, chute, floor type, walls etc., and
weather information (temperature, humidity, and wind
speed)
• Surface skin temperatures on the pigs flank/side of 10
randomly selected pigs (5 of first 50 and 5 of last 50
pigs loaded into the trailer) in each load using laser
thermometer with sensitivity of 0.1 ̊ C
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Materials and methods
At plant:
• Air temperature, humidity, surface temperature of 10
pigs (as in finishing site)
• Handling device(s), handling intensity (as in finishing
site), vocalizations, slips/falls, time of arrival, waiting
and unloading
• Collected bedding samples to determine moisture %
• Record DOA, NA and D & D in each trip
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Statistical Analysis
Primary models, by season, effects of:
• Level of bedding,
• Air temperature (in 5 ̊ C bins),
• Interaction of bedding and air temperature
All data entered in Excel and analyzed using SAS
(General Linear Model). Regression lines calculated using
Excel and SAS.
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Results
Ranges of conditions during data collection:
• Load time: 13 to 94 min
• Transit time: 16 to 459 min
• Waiting time at plant: 0 to 198 min
• Total D & D in a trip: 0 to 8
• Handing Intensity ranged: 1-5
• 43/440 (9.8%) loads at finishing sites had a handling
intensity of 5 (aggressive, abusive)
• 1/429 (0.23%) observations at plants had a handling
intensity of 5
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Results – Jan-Feb Bedding Effects
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
6 12
DO
A %
Bedding Level
DOA % by Bedding level(P=0.13)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
6 12
NA
%
Bedding Level
NA % by Bedding level(P=0.73)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
6 12
D &
D %
Bedding Level
D & D % by Bedding level(P=0.29)
No effect of
bedding
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Results – Jan-Feb Temp Effects
No interaction
between bedding
and air temperature
y = 0.000x3 - 0.006x2 + 0.049x + 0.009
R² = 0.610
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
-5 0 5 10 15 20
DO
A %
Outside temp bin
DOA % by outside temp binP > 0.05
y = 0.011x3 - 0.106x2 + 0.276x - 0.126
R² = 0.905
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
-5 0 5 10 15 20
NA
%
Outside temp bin
NA% by outside temp binP > 0.05
y = 0.011x3 - 0.112x2 + 0.325x - 0.117
R² = 0.767
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
-5 0 5 10 15 20
D &
D %
Outside temp bin
D & D % by outside temp binP > 0.05
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Results – Jan-Feb Surface
Temperatures
P-value:<0.001
The lower the outside
temperature, the lower
was the pig surface
temperature
y = 0.211x3 - 2.082x2 + 7.758x + 13.85
R² = 0.779
15
20
25
30
35
-5 0 5 10 15 20
Su
rf T
emp
, C
Outside Air Temp Bin *C
Average Pig Surface Temperature at plant
at different air temperatures (P < 0.01)
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Results – March-May Bedding
Effects
No effect of
bedding
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
3 6 12
DO
A %
bedding level
DOA % by Bedding level(Treatment not significant, P=0.21)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
3 6 12
NA
%
bedding level
NA % by Bedding level(Treatment not significant, P=0.84)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
3 6 12
D &
D %
bedding level
D & D % by Bedding level(Treatment not significant, P=0.34)
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Results – March-May Temp Effects
No interaction
between bedding
and air temperature
y = 0.019x2 - 0.113x + 0.212
R² = 0.646
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0 5 10 15 20 25
DOA % by outside temperature binP > 0.05
y = 0.027x2 - 0.281x + 0.722
R² = 0.867
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0 5 10 15 20 25
NA % by outside temperature binP < 0.05
y = 0.047x2 - 0.394x + 0.934
R² = 0.834
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0 5 10 15 20 25
D&
D, %
Air Temperature, C
D & D % by outside temperature binP < 0.05
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Results – March-May Surface
Temperatures
P-value:<0.001
The lower the outside
temperature, the lower
was the pig surface
temperature
y = 2.2579x + 21.83
R² = 0.9321
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20
Su
rf T
emp
*C
Air Temp bin
Average Pig Surface Temperature at plant at
different air temperatures (P < 0.01)
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Results – June-July Bedding
Effects
More bedding is
harmful in warm
weather
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
3 5 7 9
DO
A %
Bedding Level
DOA % by Bedding LevelP=0.054
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
3 5 7 9
NA
%
Bedding Level
NA % by Bedding LevelP=0.206
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
3 5 7 9
D &
D %
Bedding Level
D & D % by Bedding LevelP=0.076
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Results – June-July Temp Effects
No interaction
between bedding
and air temperature
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
10 15 20 25 30
DO
A %
Outside Air Temp Bin
DOA % by Air TemperatureP < 0.01
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
10 15 20 25 30
D &
D %
Outside Air Temp Bin
D & D % by Air TemperatureP < 0.01
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
10 15 20 25 30
NA
%
Outside Air Temp Bin
NA % by Air TemperatureP > 0.05
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Results – June-July Surface Temps
P-value:<0.001
The warmer the
outside temperature,
the warmer was the
pig surface
temperature
y = 1.069x + 29.27
R² = 0.974
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
10 15 20 25 30
Su
rfa
ce T
emp
era
ture
, C
Air Temp, C
Average Pig Surface Temperature at plant at
different air temperatures (P < 0.01)
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Results
3 bags, second load6 bags, second load
Fresh bedding (6 Bags)
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Results
12 bags, first load
Fresh bedding with only 5% moisture
12 bags, first load, 26% moisture
12 bags, second load, 51% moisture
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Results
73.87% moisture, 6 bags, 4th load, 60% boardingUsed bedding inside the trailer
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Results
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
4:45 5:45 6:45 7:45 8:45
Tem
per
atu
re (
*F
)
Temperature of Trailer Compartments
Front Top
Front Bottom
Rear Top
Rear Bottom
Outside
Inside trailer temperature
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Results
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
4:45 5:45 6:45 7:45 8:45
Rel
ati
ve
Hu
mid
ity
(%
)
Relative Humidity of Trailer Compartments
Front Top
Front Bottom
Rear Top
Rear Bottom
Outside
Inside trailer relative humidity
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Synthesis of Surface Temperatures
y = 0.4269x + 23.247
R² = 0.8039
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Su
rface
Tem
per
atu
re,
C
Outside Air Temperature, C
Surface and Outside Air Temperatures, C
(all data)
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In Warm Weather, Surface Temperature
Rise Explains Increased DOA
y = 0.081x2 - 5.194x + 82.28
R² = 0.888
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
30 31 32 33 34 35
DO
A%
Surface Temp *C
June-July Surface Temperature & DOA %
y = 0.071x2 - 0.277x + 0.232
R² = 0.951
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10 15 20 25 30
DO
A %
Outside Air Temp Bin
June-July Air Temperature & DOA %
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Bedding and Temperature Effects
Are Additive
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
15 20 25 30
DO
A, %
Air Temperature, C
Combined Temperature and Bedding Effects
3 bales
9 bales
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
3 9
DO
A, %
Bales of bedding per trailer
Bedding EffectP = 0.05
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
10 15 20 25 30
DO
A %
Outside Air Temp Bin
DOA % by Air TemperatureP < 0.01
The effects of bedding and
temperature are ADDITIVE in
warm weather
DOA rate was over 1% when
heavy bedding was used and
the air temperature was above
30 C (86 F)
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Conclusions – Bedding
Season Temp
range
Significant
bedding
effect?
Conclusions Recom,
Bales/trailer
Cold
weather
< 32 F No Added bedding
-- no advantage
beyond 6 bales
6*
* No data on
less than 6
bales
Mild
weather
32 - 70 F No Added bedding
– no advantage
above 3 bales
3
Warm
weather
> 70 F Yes Added bedding
negative effect
on DOA
3*
* No data on
less than 3 or
0 bedding
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Economics of Bedding Use
Item Amount
Approximate number of pigs processed
per day in the USA
420,000
Average pigs per truck/trailer 170
Approximate number of
trucks/trailers/day
2,470
% fresh bedding used per truck/trailer 50%
Trailers using new bedding/day 1,235
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Economics of Bedding Use
Item Amount Dollar amount,
@ $6/bale
Trailers using new bedding/day 1,235
Number of daily bales at 3 extra
bales/day (in summer)
3,705 $22,230
Number of daily bales at 6 extra
bales/day (in winter)
7,410 $44,460
30 days cold, added bedding cost 6 extra
bales
$1,333,800
120 days warm, added bedding 3 extra
bales
$2,667,600
Total added bedding cost Per year $4,001,400
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Economics of Bedding Use
Item Amount
Approximate number of trucks/trailers/day 2,470
Increased D&D (0.3%) during over 30 C
days from over bedding (assumes 50% over
bedded), number pigs
630
pigs/day
Market price $0.6/lb @ 270 lb $162
Added industry pig losses from bedding
overuse in 60 warm days/summer
$6,123,600
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Economics of Bedding Use
Item Amount /year
Total added bedding cost from over
use
$4,001,400
Added industry pig losses from
bedding overuse in 60 warm
days/summer
$6,123,600
Total Industry Losses/year $10,125,000
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Conclusions – Air Temperature
• Cold weather increased NA
• Warm weather increased DOA
• No interaction between bedding and air
temperature
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Conclusions – Pig Surface Temperature
• Pig surface temperature
changes with air temperature
• In warm weather, increased
surface temperature predicts
increased DOA
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Conclusions
Overuse of bedding causes:
• Increased bedding cost for no return
• Increased pigs losses (dead and down)
• At least a $16 million economic cost (in added
bedding and pig losses) per year unless bedding
levels are adjusted
• A welfare problem in warm weather
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Preliminary Data on Boarding
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
< 40 40-59 59+
% D
OA
% Boarding
DOAN = 74 trailers; Trt P = 0.09
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
< 40 40-59 59+
% N
AN
I
% Boarding
% NANIN = 74 trailers; Trt P = 0.68
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
< 40 40-59 59+
% D
&D
% Boarding
Total Dead & DownN = 74 trailers; Trt P = 0.33Although this
represents
over 11,000
pigs, this is
preliminary;
More to come
*
*
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Future Transportation Studies
• Is bedding needed and positive for the pig?
• Examine zero bales in the summer and less than 6 bales in cold
weather for efficacy
• Define the boarding needs for the industry
• Define misting requirements
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Thank you
Questions?
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