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Dr. B. V. Venkatarama Reddy
Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
THIS PRESENTATION WAS SHARED BY
FOR THE SESSION:
“Embodied Energy and the Life Cycle Approach”
DURING ANGAN 2019
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B. V. Venkatarama Reddy Professor Department of Civil Engineering & Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science Bangalore – 560 012, INDIA
3
Energy in Buildings & Sustainability – an overview
Lecture delivered at ‘ANGAN 2019’, 11 September 2019, New Delhi
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Limited resources
Mass of resources:
6 x 1021 t
Planets Material & Mineral wealth •Limited •Non-renewable
The Planet Earth
Finite size
Emissions
Anthropogenic
activities
Mining resources
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Prior 4400 BC till 1500 AD after 1800 AD
Zero Embodied
Carbon materials
Medium Embodied
carbon materials
High Embodied
Carbon materials
Global consumption of construction materials: > 60 billion t /annum
Per capita consumption: 8 t/annum (~6.5 t is aggregates)
Reddy BVV, SCMT5, 2019
Material resources
Exhaustible: Soil, Stone, Sand, Minerals & chemicals....
Renewable: Biomass - grasses, bamboo, wood… grown
Recyclable: Solid wastes - Industrial & mine ..
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Sustainability?
There are many definitions for sustainability
6
Definition of sustainable development
Kumarappa (1945) “Economy of permanency” Brundtland report (1987)
Sustainable society:
Manages its economic growth without
causing irreparable damage to environment
Satisfies peoples’ needs without jeopardizing
prospects of future generations
Sustainable development:
Meeting the needs of the
present without compromising
ability of future generations to
meet their own needs
Prime focus in both these definitions is: • Sustainable extraction of resources from the planet earth • Without causing irreparable damage to the environment
… sustainability – renewable/regenerate
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Pillars of Sustainability - Socio… - Economic.. - Environ..
Demand for Material resources
Mined resources
Sustainability ?????
Need for renewable resources
The planet hosts several living organisms • Human societies occupy ~2% of the planet’s surface
area but consume 75% of the planet’s resources (O’Meara 1999)
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What is Green (construction)?
…green is about decarbonization!
refers to the changing relative amounts of carbon and hydrogen in
the fuels burnt to generate energy ….....(T. Bradford, 2006)
… about emission reduction
Type of fuel Carbon Hydrogen
Firewood Coal Oil Natural gas Hydrogen
10 2 1 1 0
1 1 2 4 1
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Built Habitat/Environment
Consume •Energy •Material resources
Generate •Wastes •Emissions
45 50 60
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Energy use Global waterconsumption
Global raw materialconsumption
%
[Willmott Dixon Group 2010]
By 2025, Buildings worldwide will be the largest consumers of global energy - greater than the transportation and industry sectors combined.
Agriculture
7%
Industry 44%
Transport
18%
Residential &
commercial
14%
Others
[PERCENTAGE
]
[CATEGORY NAME]
[PERCENTAGE]
India (2012) [Teddy 2013]
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Energy in Buildings
Buildings
Energy for Materials &
Construction
Energy for
maintenance
Embodied Energy
Operational Energy
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Operational Energy
Embodied Energy
11
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Raw material
extraction
Building material
production
Construction
Operation, maintenance,
repair & refurbishments
Demolition &
Disposal
Initial Embodied
Energy
Recurring Embodied
Energy
Operational Energy
Demolition Energy
Embodied Energy
of building materials
& construction
Durability of material
Thermal performance
of materials/system
Building Life Cycle Life Cycle Energy
Life Cycle Energy (LCE) of a building
Attributes of building material
Praseeda et al. 2014, E&B, 2015
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Embodied Energy (EE) – System Boundaries
[Dixit et al. 2010] 13
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Methods for Embodied Energy Analysis
• Process analysis
• Input – Output analysis
• Hybrid methods [Menzies et al. 2008, Treloar et al. 2000]
14
Embodied Energy (EE) value depends upon
• System boundary considered
• Method of analysis
EE is not a unique value – it is a range
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Process flow chart Raw Meal
Limestone Other raw
materials
Raw Mill Preheater
Kiln
Clinker storage
Cement Mill
Cement storage Packing & Dispatch
Gypsum
Fly Ash or Slag
Coal Mill Clinker cooling
Cement: Process of manufacture
15
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Embodied Energy in Cement
Cement ready to dispatch to site EE of cement = 2.376 MJ/kg
Limestone Extraction
Mixing and grinding of raw
materials
Clinker production
Grinding of clinker
Packing and storage
Dir
ect en
erg
y
Indir
ect
energ
y
Sta
ge 1
Embodied Energy
Transportation energy
Other raw materials
Process Energy
0.032 MJ/kg
0.084 MJ/kg
2.26 MJ/kg
Praseeda et al. 2014, E&B, 2015
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Embodied Energy in building materials
Type of material Sp. energy consumption
(MJ per kg)
Cement
Lime
Lime-pozzolana
Steel
Aluminum
Glass
3.00 - 4.00 (2.38 – 3.72)
4.75 – 5.75
2.00 – 2.50
42.0 (30)
236.8 (100 - 140)
25.8 (10 – 15)
Burnt brick
Hollow con. Block
Vitrified floor tile
1 – 2.5 (1.2 – 4.05)
0.60 – 0.75
5.5 – 6.5 (10.63)
Red colour highlighted – Praseeda et al. E&B 2015
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Embodied Energy of burnt clay brick
Types of kiln EE (MJ/kg)
1 Clamps 1.7 – 2.9
2 Intermittent type 1.88
3 BTKs 1.20 – 4.05
4 CBRI improved BTK 1.51
5 Hoffmanns kiln 2.94
6 Downdraught kiln 3.36 – 3.48
7 VSBK 1.20
EE of burnt clay brick: 1.20 – 4.05 MJ/kg
18
0
1
2
3
4
51
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Embodied Energyof Brick (MJ/kg)
Praseeda et al. 2014, E&B, 2015
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Sl.
No. Climatic zone
Mean monthly
temperature (°C)
Relative Humidity
(RH) Regions
1 Hot and Dry Above 30 Below 55% Western & central part
2 Warm and Humid Above 30 Above 55%
Coastal regions Between 25 - 30 Above 75%
3 Temperate (Moderate) Between 25 - 30 Below 75% Pune, Bangalore
4 Cold Below 25 For any RH value Northern parts of India
5 Composite Six months or more do not fall within
any of the above categories
New Delhi, Kanpur,
Allahabad etc.
Embodied and operational energy in buildings
43 residential buildings in 4 climatic zones
(27 rural dwellings & 16 urban dwellings)
Designated as RD1 – RD27 UD1 – UD16
19
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Embodied energy in rural and urban dwellings
EE of dwellings with natural materials is an order of magnitude lower than those with conventional brick-concrete
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
RD
4
RD
8
RD
14
RD
6
RD
23
RD
3
RD
15
RD
9
RD
26
RD
22
RD
27
RD
2
RD
21
RD
17
RD
1
RD
24
RD
19
RD
18
RD
7
RD
20
RD
13
RD
16
RD
5
RD
25
RD
11
RD
12
RD
10
UD
2
UD
4
UD
1
UD
16
UD
5
UD
6
UD
11
UD
8
UD
7
UD
15
UD
10
UD
9
UD
12
UD
3
UD
13
UD
14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Em
bo
die
d E
ne
rgy (
GJ
/m2)
Monolithic RC walls
RC frame burnt clay brick masonry
load bearing burnt clay brick
Rural dwellings with natural
and conventional materials
Source: Praseeda et al. E&B, 2016
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Embodied energy = 11 GJ/m2
Monolithic RC walls Load bearing
brick masonry
RC frame burnt
brick masonry
EE = 4 – 6 GJ/m2 EE = 2.5 – 3.5 GJ/m2
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Life Cycle Energy (LCE) in rural dwellings
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
RD
1
RD
2
RD
3
RD
4
RD
5
RD
6
RD
7
RD
8
RD
9
RD
11
RD
12
RD
13
RD
14
RD
15
RD
16
RD
17
RD
18
RD
19
RD
20
RD
21
RD
22
RD
23
RD
24
RD
25
RD
26
RD
27
Composite climate Warm & Humid climate Moderateclimate
Coldclimate
Lif
e C
ycle
En
erg
y (
GJ/
m2) OE for 50 yrs EE
EE represents 0.21 to 68% of LCE in rural dwellings
Source: Praseeda et al. E&B, 2016
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Life Cycle Energy (LCE) in urban dwellings
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
UD1 UD3 UD4 UD5 UD6 UD7 UD8 UD9 UD10 UD11 UD15
Composite Warm & Humid climateModerateCold
Lif
e C
ycle
En
erg
y (
GJ/
m2)
OE for 50 yrs EE
EE represents 10 to 80% of LCE in urban dwellings
Source: Praseeda et al. E&B, 2016
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Embodied vs Operational Energy
Urban dwellings from warm – humid and moderate climate zones
24
0
1
2
3
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
En
erg
y (
GJ/
m2/
yr)
Years
EE (UD9) OE (UD9) EE (UD10) OE (UD10) EE (UD11) OE(UD11)
EE < OE
EE > OE
Depends on
•Climate
•Conditioning type
•Envelope/materials
Source: Praseeda et al. E&B, 2016
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Current rating systems
Attempt to address……… • Site planning, location & linkages • Design, materials & construction • Water & waste management • Awareness & education • Healthy living conditions
• Energy consumption, generation…
• Indoor environment quality, space conditioning…
Parameter Weightage
LEED-USA BREEAM - UK GRIHA-India
Materials, and construction methods
6 – 9%
13.5%
10%
Energy (consumption/generation,
Indoor environment quality,
space conditioning)
57%
39%
50%
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Current rating systems
Attempt to link the concept of Green buildings to
Sustainable Construction
Energy conservation & pollution reduction Too much emphasis on
Little or less emphasis on:
• Conservation of dwindling basic material resources
• Environmental damage due to indiscriminate mining of materials 26
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Sustainable habitat
Materials
Energy
Share of
sustainability parameters
in built habitat
Green Buildings address only • Part of the
sustainability issues
Reddy BVV, SCMT5, 2019
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Major issues
Managing material resources
Minimising pollution – Energy
28
Sustainable habitat
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Thank you 29
Summary
• Consumption of construction material is alarming: 8 t (6.5 t aggregates) /capita/annum
• Sustainable constructions: should address both
the issues on energy & material resources
• EE: not a unique value – it is a range & dynamic
EE < OE
EE > OE
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Details 30 - Storey concrete frame
2 - Storey brick wall
Total weight (t) 1,66,944 550
Built up area (m2) 92,903 251
Weight (t/m2) 1.79 2.19
Embodied energy (GJ/m2)
4.28 2.40
Weight & Embodied Energy of Building
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Masonry
7.40%
Concrete
81.78%
Metal cladding
0.01%Ceramic
1.22%
Glass
1.17%Plastering
3.32%
Steel
5.10%
Ceramic
1.94%
Glass
0.10%
Granite
slab
0.60%
Concrete
37%
Stone
Masonry
22.60%
Brick
Masonry
29.07%
Steel
0.91%
Timber
0.42%
Plaster
6.94%
Distribution of mass
30 – Storey Building
2 – Storey Building
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• Judicious use of material resources
• Use natural materials or effect changes with minimum energy expenditure – low carbon materials
• Reduce & recycle – think end of life utilisation
• Great need to use biomass based renewable materials
• Utilise solid wastes for construction products
Possible options for addressing issues on sustainable construction materials
32