![Page 1: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible.
![Page 2: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chemistry
The study of matter, its
properties, and the changes it undergoes.
![Page 3: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Branches of Chemistry•Organic•Inorganic•Analytical•Physical•Biochemisty•Nuclear
![Page 4: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Scientific Method
•a systematic method of finding the answer to a question or a problem
•not just used by scientists
![Page 5: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1. State the problem
•lends direction to the problem solving
•provides a way to tell if the problem has been solved
![Page 6: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2. Conduct Research
•gather as much information as possible beforehand
•what is already known?
![Page 7: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3. Form a Hypothesis
•Make an “educated guess” as to the what or why of the problem
![Page 8: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
4. Conduct an Experiment
•test the hypothesis•one or more conditions should be controlled–held the same in all tests
•only test one variable at a time
![Page 9: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
•The condition to be deliberately changed from one trial to another is called the “independent variable”
•The “dependent variable” changes because of the change to the independent variable
![Page 10: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
5. Analyze the results
•look at the data or observations collected during the experiment
![Page 11: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
6. Make a conclusion
•does the data fit the hypothesis?–yes? hypothesis was correct
–no? modify the hypothesis and retest
![Page 12: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Observations•What, not Why•Simply a record of what was observed
![Page 13: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Conclusions•Why, not What•A statement of the cause behind the event
![Page 14: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Theory•an explanation of how or why that has been successfully tested
•can never be proven, are accepted as true
•provide predictive powers
![Page 15: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Law•a summary of the results of many observations or experiments
•describes what, doesn’t explain how or why
•often math equations
![Page 16: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Lab Report•a summary of the results of your observations or experiments
•May be formal or informal
![Page 17: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Informal Lab Report
•The exact requirements vary from lab to lab
•Often, a simple tabulation of your results with your calculations
•Must be neat and orderly
![Page 18: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Formal Lab Report•More complete, with
expected sequence of text•Third person•All calculations shown•Data represented in table
form, as well as graphs or diagrams when appropriate
![Page 19: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Formal Lab Report•Purpose/hypothesis•Materials•Procedure•Results
–Observations, data, calculations
•Conclusion
![Page 20: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Chemistry
The study of matter, its
properties, and the changes it undergoes.
![Page 21: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
matter•Anything that has mass and
takes up space•Three types•Pure substances (aka “chemicals)
–Elements–Compounds
•Mixtures
![Page 22: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
properties•The characteristics that describe or help identify a substance
•Can be chemical or physical
![Page 23: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Chemical properties•Describe how a substance reacts chemically
•Examples: –Combustibility–Rusting (oxidation)–Reaction with an acid
![Page 24: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Chemical properties•Key idea:•Chemical properties can only be observed by changing the substance into a new, different substance
![Page 25: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Physical properties•Describe the appearance of a substance
•Can be observed without changing the substance into a new, different substance
![Page 26: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Physical properties - examples
•Color•Odor•Size•Mass•Weight•density
•Melting point•Boiling point•Physical
state–Solid–Liquid–Gas
•solubility
![Page 27: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
•Intensive physical propertiesDo not depend on the sample sizeexamples: temperature, density,
color, solubility, physical state, melting/boiling point
•Extensive physical propertiesare sample size dependentexamples: mass, volume, size
![Page 28: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Chemistry is the study of…•Matter, its properties, and the
•Changes it undergoes•There are two types of changes–Chemical–physical
![Page 29: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Chemical changes•Result in the formation of
new substances•Examples
–Elements compounds–Burning, oxidation, acid reactions
•Usually called “chemical reactions”
![Page 30: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Chemical changes Indicators• Changes in color• Changes in odor• New physical state formed (not just
melting or freezing)– New solid – precipitation– Bubbles – new gas being evolved
• Change in temperature without using outside mechanism (burner, freezer)
![Page 31: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Reaction Notation•Reactants Products•physical state often indicated- (s) = solid- (l) = liquid- (g) = gas- (aq) = aqueous - dissolved in
water
![Page 32: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Physical changes•Do not result in the formation of a new, different substance
•Changes of physical state are physical changes
•Example: paper changes
![Page 33: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Chemistry
The study of matter, its
properties, and the changes it undergoes.
![Page 34: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
elements•Matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
•Example – “Lego” blocks
![Page 35: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
elements
•There are ~112 known •There are 92 naturally occurring •All have unique name and symbol
–1 letter = capitol–2 letters = cap w/ lower case–ex: B, C, Ca, Na
![Page 36: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Some element names and symbols do not match - Latin names
• Na = sodium• Latin: natrium• K = potassium• Latin: kalium• Au = gold• Latin: aurum
• Ag = silver• Latin: argentum• Hg = mercury• Latin: hydrargentum
• Fe = iron• Latin: ferrum
![Page 37: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Some element names and symbols do not match - Latin names
• Pb = lead• Latin: plumbum• Sn = tin• Latin: stannum• Cu = copper• Latin: cuprum
• Sb = antimony
• other: stibnium
• W = tungsten• Swedish:
wolfram
![Page 38: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
compound•A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined
•The properties of a compound are different than the properties of the elements that make up the compound
![Page 39: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
mixtures•Elements and compounds
(chemicals) blended together, but not chemically combined
•The chemical properties of the substances do not change
•No new chemicals are produced
![Page 40: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Types of mixtures•Determined by how well the substances are mixed together
•Homogeneous mixtures–Uniform throughout
•Heterogeneous mixtures–Non-uniform
![Page 41: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Separation of matter•How would you separate a
mixture of sand, salt, and water?
•Filter out sand•Boil off water, condense
vapors back to liquid state
![Page 42: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Types of separation of mixtures• Filtration
– based on differences in solubility• Distillation
– Based on differences in boiling points• Crystallization
– Separate pure solids out of a solution• Chromatography
– Based in differences in flow rate through special papers or substances
![Page 43: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Matter flowchart
Matter
Mixtures Pure Substances
Heterogeneous Homogeneous Compounds Elements
![Page 44: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
energy
•The ability to do work
•Work = Force x distance in the direction of the force
![Page 45: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Forms of energy•Nuclear•Electrical•Solar (light)•Chemical•Heat•mechanical
![Page 46: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Types of energy•Potential
–Due to position or composition
–Ex: chemical•Kinetic
–Due to motion–Ex: heat
![Page 47: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
What is the connection?
•E = mc2
•E = energy•m = mass
![Page 48: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Chemistry
-the study of matter, its properties, and the
changes it undergoes.
![Page 49: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Science is a
Process• Science is more a way of doing
things or solving problems than a collection of equations or ideas.
• There is no need to rediscover the wheel, so discoveries are recorded to the known body of knowledge.
![Page 50: Don’t forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon as possible](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e6a5503460f94b6759a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
•Pure Science –is concerned with making discoveries
•Applied Science–uses the discoveries to make new products or procedures