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DOI:10.217716/ub.icon_laterals.2016.001.1.46
The Understanding of Vocabulary Suffixed –teki by Japanese
Based on Gender Background
Teresa Angelina Kaluge
Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Cultural Studies
Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Ismatul Khasanah
Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Cultural Studies
Malang, East Java, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
In many languages including Japanese, using a suffix is a common way to create new
meaning. For that reason, the objective of this study is to examine the degree of
understanding the suffix -teki among Japanese people based on gender. Terms of
understanding are determine by three options of answers for each vocabulary followed
by –teki: understandable, doubtful, and difficult. This research was conducted in the
area of Hiroshima prefecture, Japan, by using a questionnaire as the method. The data
analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The subjects consisted
of 34 persons, and were selected by using a random sampling technique. Findings from
this research are: 1) for the understood words, there are no differences between males
and females, 2) for words, the meaning of which the respondents were unsure about,
there was no differences between males and females, and 3) for difficult words, male
and female have no differences. The conclusion of this research is that gender have an
effect for understanding certain vocabulary, such as Kango, Wago, Gairaigo and
Konshugo.
KEYWORDS: suffix -teki, Japanese, gender
Most languages, have suffixes. For Japanese, there are many varieties of
suffixes, in which every kind of suffix has its own rule regarding what kind of
vocabulary it suffixes. Some suffixes can only be used with nouns, others with
adjectives, etc. However, there is one particular suffix which does not follow rules, it
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is –teki. Suffix –teki can be used with every kind of vocabulary, creating new meaning
with each vocabulary it suffixes. Compared to other suffixes, -teki can make new
vocabulary more easily. In addition, this suffix is used frequently in daily life. It can
go with any word root starting with Kanji. Now it can go with Wago, Gairaigo, and
even sentences. (Jin Yuan Yuan (2012: 235)
According to her article in Japan Times, Noguchi (2011, para. 7), stated that
approximately since 10 years ago, Japanese young generation has started to use suffix
-teki (的). In everyday conversation, coincidently or not, this suffix is used with nouns,
even with someone’s name, such as Yamada sensei-teki which means “Yamada-
sensei-like”; or AKB48-teki which means “AKB48-like”), correctness of grammar
does not get attention.
Vance (2004: 138) stated that the process of making a vocabulary suffixed –
teki are as follows:
Basic word + -teki (的)
Some examples:
a. akurobatto-teki (アクロバット的): acrobatic (akurobatto means
acrobat)
b. kagaku-teki (科学的): scientific (kagaku means science)
c. ongaku-teki (音楽的): musical (ongaku means music)
d. kouka-teki (効果的): effective (kouka means effect)
e. seiri-teki (生理的): fisiological (seiri means fisiology)
f. kihon-teki (基本的): basically (kihon means basic)
The suffix -teki does not change the basic form of vocabulary, so the basic writting
and the reading form do not undergo changes.
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Moreover, Hara (1896) cited by Vance (2004: 139) stated that any word with
–teki, could be translated as “like”, “according to, suitably with,” or “in affiliated,
include” with the base word. Those statements support Noguchi (2011, para. 7) that
since about 10 years ago, Japanese youngster started to use the suffix -teki (的). In
everyday conversation, coincidently or not, this suffix used with noun, even someone’s
name, such as Yamada sensei-teki which means “Yamada-sensei-like”; or AKB48-teki
which means “AKB48-like”), correctness of grammar does not get attention.
Looking at how the basic word developed, every person seems to have a
different perspective of understanding the –teki suffixed vocabulary item. Saussure
(1988: 292-294) stated that, “We often grasp the meaning incorrectly because the
shape and meaning were not familiar, and habbit was also made it happen........there
are cases where a word receive new meaning, but the shape was not get a modification.
Hence some people change the shape to make it suitable with another substence they
know.”“The changes do not simply create basic differences between incorrect
words.” Hence, in the process of grasping the vocabulary meaning, some people are
able to know the meaning immediately, but some people might encounter difficulties
in understanding the meaning.
Jin Yuan Yuan (2012) stated that Goshu can be suffixed with –teki. Goshu
itself is a term to classify vocabulary based on its root(Ogino (2007: 49)). There are
four kinds of vocabulary in Goshu, namely: Kango, Wago, Gairaigo, and Konshugo,
and Ogino (2007: 54).
The first is Kango. Kango is a vocabulary that comes from old Chinese or a
new vocabulary made in Japan, but written in Kanji, which is derived from Chinese.
Looking from the number of Kanji characters, Kango could be divided into four
groups: 1) Kango consist of one Kanji character, such as bun, hon, cha, shi, etc; 2)
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Kango consist of two Kanji characters, such as kongetsu, reinen, kenkou, etc; 3) Kango
consist of three Kanji characters, such as kunshikoku, zenchishiki, banzairaku, etc; 4)
Kango consist of four or more Kanji characters, such as yuumei mujitsu, tenkou
kokushoku, sanzen daisen sekai, etc.
The second is Wago. Wago is a kind of vocabulary that genuinely made in
Japan, created before other country’s influence came accross Japan. Yama, kawa, miru,
and ugoku are some of the examples.
The third is Gairaigo. Gairaigo is a vocabulary of foreign origin that came to
Japan, got Japanized and is used frequently in daily lifes in Japan. Commonly,
vocabulary that come from Europe and other countries aside from China are
categorized as Gairaigo. However, not every foreign word come to be Gairaigo,
because there are four basic criteria for selection words, such as 1) There are no
vocabulary with the same meaning in Japanese, due to different culture, 2) The nuance
could not be replaced by any Japanese vocabulary, 3) The items are considered
efficient, and 4) The word itself is considered as word which bring good and harmony.
Some of the example of Gairaigo are arukooru (from alcohol), koppu (from cup), biiru
(from beer), etc.
The fourth and the last kind is Konshugo. Konshugo is a kind of vocabulary
that combine at least two different kinds of vocabulary from different origin. For
example, a combination of Kango and Wago, Kango and Gairaigo, or Wago and
Gairaigo. Some of the examples are Genchihanare (Kango+Wago), Norikumi-in
(Wago+Kango), Ryoumen Kopii (Kango+Gairaigo), Tarento Shusshin
(Gairaigo+Kango), Kami teepu (Wago+Gairaigo), and Konpyuutaa Miai
(Gairaigo+Wago). Goshu is one of the characteristics of Japanese and it has a clear
definition. That is what makes it to be one of the main variables for this study.
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In Japanese, gender plays an important role because the usage of vocabulary
between male and female are really different, such as the word watashi which mean I,
could be substituted by atashi for females, and ore for males. Different styles can
influence someone’s understanding through some vocabulary directly or undirectly.
Jorden cited in Loveday (1986: 13) stated that women commonly use language more
politely than men. The polite form which is only used in certain situations by males,
could be used by females in ordinary conversation with colleages and friends.
As for the number of vocabulary in Japanese, Kato Akihiko (1991) in his
research, cited by Sudjianto and Dahidi (2014: 111-112), stated that someone’s
vocabulary increases in accordance with age and education. The table below shows
the result of research done by Sakamoto Ichiro (cited by Kato, 1991:67):
Table 1
The Increase of Understanding Vocabulary by Japanese
Age 6~7 7~8 8~9 9~10 10~11 11~12 12~13
Men
Women
6.142
5.739
7.186
6.708
8.689
8.088
11.248
10.787
14.940
15.075
20.212
21.674
25.928
28.406
Age 13~14 14~15 15~16 16~17 17~18 18~19 19~20
Men
Women
31.636
33.478
37.026
37.783
41.458
41.191
45.962
43.382
49.107
44.770
50.656
45.400
51.128
45.489
According to Table 1, as someone gets older, their vocabulary also increase. Moreover,
male and female vocabulary also differ. In this case, males have more vocabulary than
females.
Frequency in using vocabulary could influence someone’s understanding
through certain vocabulary. Hence, every single person has a different skill in grasping
meaning. Endou Orie (1984) in his research titled “Setsubiji “Teki” no Imi to Youhou”
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(The meaning and Usage of Suffix -teki) stated that from his searching through
newspapers, magazines and essays, he found that Kango, Gairaigo, phrases and even
sentences can be suffixed with –teki. Some of the examples for Gairaigo was Muudo-
teki (ムード的), Masukomi-teki (マスコミ的), and Makuro-teki (マクロ的).
Jin Yuan Yuan (2012) in the research titled “[-Teki] ni Kan-suru Ikkousatsu”
(Pemikiran Mengenai Imbuhan -teki) stated that Goshu suffixed with –teki were also
found during his research, such as sei-teki (「性」的) from Kango, yarase-teki (「や
らせ」的) from Wago, and anchipatento-teki (「アンチパテント」的) from
Gairaigo. Moreover, Takahashi Katsutada (2005) in his research titled “[-Teki]
Ronkou” (Suffix -teki in Japanese) acknowledged that some kinds of words could be
suffixed with –teki, such as Kango: Gutai-teki (具体的), Kagaku-teki (科学的),
Chuushou-teki (抽象的). Gairaigo: Makuro-teki (マクロ的), Meruhen-teki (メルヘ
ン的), Koperunikusu-teki (コペルニクス的). Wago: Kazamidori-teki (風見鶏的),
Satsukiame-teki/ Samidare-teki (五月雨的) and Konshugo: Hatoha-teki (ハト派的).
From the perspective of Goshu, the suffix -teki originally went with Kango and
Gairaigo only (research finding in 1984), but it developed and broadened until at all
kinds of Goshu, such as with Kango, Wago, Gairaigo, and Konshugo (research finding
in year 2005 and 2012). Moreover, Yamashita (1999) in his statement cited by
Takahashi (2005: 3) also stated that during the course of time, compared to other
Goshu, the productivity of the Kango suffixed with –teki declined. The survey
conducted by “Chuuou Kouron” magazine revealed that while Kango with two Kanji
characters usage decline in the year of 1962 from 96.6% until 93.6% in 1992, the usage
of Kango with three to four Kanji characters usage increased. Gairaigo, Wago and
Konshugo also showed increase in productivity.
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Hence, with this study, the writer wanted to know whether the use of –teki
affects someone’s understanding of a word or not. This study tries to examine two
problems: 1), The way Japanese understand vocabulary suffixed with –teki based on
difference of gender; 2) The similarities and differences for understanding vocabulary
suffixed with –teki by Japanese speakers based on gender.
RESEARCH METHOD
Previously, the internet was used as a method to gather data sources, while the
main source was obtained through a questionnaire. In making the questionnaire, first,
vocabulary suffixed with –teki were collected from Google search engine. From 23
October 2014 to 30 May 2015, the data were obtained through browsing, resulting in
a total of 1121 vocabularies. Due to this excessive amount, those vocabularies were
reduced by re-checking three dictionaries (Gyakubikijiten dictionary, Electric
Gyakubikijiten dictionary, and Shinmeikai Kokugo Daijiten 7th edition dictionary).
Two principles were used to reduce the vocabularies. First, by checking whether those
vocabulary suffixed with –teki were available in the dictionaries or not, e.g. Keizai-
teki (経済的, means economically). This vocabulary is available only in one of the
three dictionaries, hence it would not be used in the research. Second, whether with or
without –teki, those vocabularies has meaning or not, e.g. std::list- teki (std::list的).
“std::list” does not have any meaning, hence it would not be used in the research.
Based on the reduction process, 502 words were maintained. Those words
cover 300 Kango (漢語) words, 67 Wago (和語) words, 122 Gairaigo (外来語) words
and 13 Konshugo (混種語) words. These words are all used in the study based on
questionnaire, and the final results got analyzed in order to be the source of this study.
The instrument for this study is a questionnaire. Overall, there were 502
vocabularies, divided into 8 parts of the questionnaire in which every part contained
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61-63 vocabularies. Despite the divided parts, every respondent have to answer all of
the 502 vocabularies, making 8 parts of questionnaire as a question for every
respondent. Questionnaires was originally distributed to 60 persons, but the full-
answered questionnaire was only from 34 persons. From 34 persons, the participants
were 15 males and 19 females. Elements in the questionnaire were as follows:
① Sex (性別)
② Age (年齢)
Age was not asked specifically, just roughly categorized as 20’s, 30’s, etc.
③ Vocabulary (単語) and Mark (マーク), in order to comprehend the
understanding for every single vocabulary from 502. These sentences was
written in every part of the questionnaires:
All of these words, without –teki, could be found in the dictionary. However,
when it gets the suffix –teki, the new form is not included in the dictionaries.
a. Does the availability of this suffix affect your understanding of
vocabulary?
b. Can you comprehend this vocabulary with or without suffix–teki?
Please give a mark on every vocabulary below ( ○, △, or X )
○ means Understood; △ means Unsure; and X means Difficult.
This study had been done by using a questionnaire. First, the questionnaire was
distributed in the area of Hiroshima University which is located in Saijo city and its
surrounding, including Nishitakaya city and Hiroshima city. The writter got help
directly from the native speakers who lived in these areas. Some people took the
questionnaire to be answered by themselves and some other just took it to distribute it
to their friends. Second, after distributing the questionnaire, the writter gave the
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participants 2-3 weeks time to finish all of the questions, because there were 502
words. The questionnaire itself was distributed on 16-30 July 2015.
The main study was analyzed statistically, using inferential statistics. First, a t-
test was used in order to conclude that there were no differences between categories.
Then, it was made sure that the data has a normal distribution/ equal. If the data was
proved to be equal, it would be tested by the t-test. The t-test itself was used to draw a
conclusion. There are F, sig F, t, and sig t in the t-test analysis. Those variables had a
significant meaning for drawing conclusions. According to Norusis (2002: 281-282)
and Sujarweni (2014: 99), value F has a significant meaning to decide whether the data
is equal or unequal.
If Sig F > 0,05 the data is equal.
If Sig F < 0,05 the data is unequal.
For the final conclusion, t is the key.
If Sig t > 0,05 there are differences in understanding.
If Sig t < 0,05 there are no differences in understanding.
The conclusion would be taken in accordance to these results, based on every option
of answers (Understood, Unsure and Difficult) for each vocabulary.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The result is based on three kinds of answers: understood, unsure, and difficult.
Starting from Kango to Gairaigo, Wago and Konshugo, the result will be presented.
Result founds are presented in tables and charts.
Table 2
Kango
The result of t-test method for Kango suffixed with –teki
Variable Equality test t-test
F Sig T Sig
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Kango-Understood .720 .402 .63 .534
Kango-Unsure 4.105 .05* 2.60 .018**
Kango-Difficult 1.714 .200 -1.96 .059
Note:
* Unequal
** Result from unequal analysis
According to Table 2, Kango-Unsure is the only answer having an unequal score. Its
data sig t value shows the differences (due to .018<.05). Hence, it could be concluded
that: There is no significant difference in Kango-Understood answers between male
and female. For Kango-Unsure answer, the unequal value proves that there are
differences between male and female. Thus males have a higher degree of being unsure
(see Figure 1). For Kango-Difficult answers, no signifance differences was found
between males and females. The graph below shows the average percentage for each
answer.
Figure 1. Chart for the Result of Understood Kango suffixed with –teki
Commonly, males and females have the highest average in the answer for
Kango-Understood. Male has higher understanding, reaching 53% while female has
49%. There are deviation for 4% approximately. For Kango-Unsure answers, males
have a higher mean with 21% in percentage. On the other hand, females have an
average of about 11%. Judging from the 10% in deviation, it could be concluded that
males tend to be more unsure than females. For Kango-Difficult answers, while males
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30
40
50
60
Kango-Understood (%) Kango-Unsure (%) Kango-Difficult (%)
Male Female
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have 26% in average, female has an average of about 40%. Due to the big difference,
it could be concluded that females have less unsure about answering question, yet they
tend to have more difficulties in grasping the meaning of Kango suffixed with –teki.
Table 3
The result of t-test method for Gairaigo suffixed with -teki
Variable Equality test t-test
F Sig T sig
Gairaigo-Understood 3.033 .091 -.32 .752
Gairaigo-Unsure 4.182 .049* 2.39 .026**
Gairaigo-Difficult 2.425 .129 -.89 .379
Note:
* Unequal
** Result from unequal analysis
According to Table 3, Gairaigo-Unsure is the only answer that has an unequal value.
Moreover, the Sig t proved that there are differences ( because .026<.05). Hence, it
could be concluded that: For Gairaigo-Understood and Gairaigo-Difficult answers,
there were no sognificant differences between males and females. But for Gairaigo-
Unsure answer, there were differences between males and females. The graph below
shows the average for each answer in detail.
Figure 2. Chart for the Result of Understanding Gairaigo suffixed –teki
31
22
47
34
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56
0
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50
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Gairaigo-Understood (%) Gairaigo-Unsure (%) Gairaigo-Difficult (%)
Male Female
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Overall, the highest mean was found in the answers for Gairaigo-Difficult.
Females seem to have more difficulties, with 56% in percentage while male have 47%.
This is a 9% difference. Similarly in understanding Kango, females have more
difficulties in understanding Gairaigo.
For Gairaigo-Understood answers, there is a slight difference about 3%, yet
females have a higher average, reaching more than 34%. As for Gairaigo-Unsure
answers, males have a tendency to be more unsure, reaching an average of 22%, while
females have a 10% average only. In this case, deviation reached 12%.
Table 4
The result of the t-test for Wago suffixed with -teki
Variable Equality test t-test
F Sig T sig
Wago-Understood .938 .340 -.13 .898
Wago-Unsure .027 .871 2.31 .027 **
Wago-Difficult 2.463 .126 -.88 .386
Note:
* Unequal
** Result from unequal analysis
According to Table 4, Wago-Unsure is the only answer which has unequal
value. The sig t data also showed differences (.027<.05). Hence, it could be concluded
that: There are no significant differences in Understood answers for Wago suffixed
with –teki between males and females. Similarly, in Difficult answers, there is no
significant differences between males and females. The graph below shows the
average percentage for each answer.
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Figure 3. Chart for the Result of Understood Wago suffixed with –teki
Overall, the highest percentage was found on Wago-Difficult answers. Both
males and females have difficulties in comprehend Wago suffix with –teki; both of
them have an average of more than 60%. While males have 64%, female have a 70%
average.
For Wago-Understood answers, the differences between gender were only 1%.
In this case, females have a higher average, reaching 21%. Yet, males and females tend
to have differences in Unsure answers. Here, males have a higher tendency to be
unsure than females. (see figure 3).
For Wago-Unsure answers, males have a higher average, reaching 16%, and
the differences between males and females were 7%.
Table 5
The result of the t-test for Konshugo suffixed with -teki
Variable Equality test t-test
F Sig T Sig
Konshugo-Understood .029 .866 .27 .789
Konshugo-Unsure 3.637 .066 .93 .359
Konshugo-Difficult .620 .437 -.69 .494
Note:
* Unequal
** Result from unequal analysis
2016
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70
0
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20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Wago-Understood (%) Wago-Unsure (%) Wago-Difficult (%)
Male Female
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According to Table 5, all of the answers for Konshugo has an equal value. The
Sig t of the data proves that there are no differences (because .789>.05, .359>.05,
.494>.05). Hence, it could be concluded that: There are no significant differences
between males and females for understood Konshugo suffixed with –teki, be it
Understood, Unsure and Difficult answer. The graph below shows the average
percentage for each answer.
Figure 4. Chart for the Result of Understood Konshugo suffixed –teki
Similarly to Gairaigo and Wago, in Konshugo, the highest average was also
found in Konshugo-Difficult answers. Both males and females have difficulty in
comprehending Konshugo suffixed with –teki. In this case, females have a higher
average, reaching 66%, with 6% in differences with males. For Konshugo-Understood
answers, males have a higher average, with 26% in percentage, they just have a
differences 2% with females. For Konshugo-Unsure answers, once again, males have
a higher average. They have a 14% average, while females just have a 10% average.
According to the tables above, differences of understanding between gender
just occur on unsure answers in Kango, Gairaigo and Wago suffixed with -teki. In this
case, males have a tendency to answer unsure more often than females. This is a bit
different from Kato’s research (1991) which found that males understand more
vocabulary than females. Being more unsure does not mean that males can not
comprehend the meaning of the word. There is a possibility that males are hesitant to
26
14
60
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10
66
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Konshugo-Understood (%) Konshugo-Unsure (%) Konshugo-Difficult (%)
Male Female
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execute the meaning, whether they could accept the word to be suffixed with –teki or
not.
Lady Yurica Rizky (2014) in her research titled “Penggunaan Wakamono
Kotoba “Yabai” Berdasar Gender di Kalangan Anak Muda Jepang (Studi Kasus
Mahasiswa Kanazawa)” studied the difference in using vocabulary “yabai” between
males and females in Kanazawa through a questionnaire with multiple choice answers.
In her research, she found out that:
In the frequency of using, females tend to use the word “yabai” more
often than males. For the variation, “yabee” were used often. The word
“yabee” was originally used by males only, but now females tend to use it
too.
Rizky (2014) in her research found that yabai was used more often by females. The
same tendency could occur with the suffix –teki. Hence, females have no difficulties
to answer Understood or Difficult. Aside from Unsure answer, females and males do
not have any significant differences. This result was also in accordance with Rizky’s
(2014) that even if female used word yabai more often, there were nearly no
differences in vocabulary using between males and females.
CONCLUSION
After doing the study by using questionnaire and distributing it in the
Hiroshima area, some conclusion was drawn according to three kinds of answers
(Understood, Unsure and Difficult). The conclusions are: (1) For Kango suffixed
with –teki, both males and females had a good understanding. They had a high average
in understanding answer; (2) On the contrary, they had difficulties in understanding
Gairaigo, Wago, and Konshugo suffixed with –teki. There were significant differences
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too between them, where males tended to be more hesitant in understanding Kango,
Gairaigo and Wago suffixed with –teki.
The lesson learnt from the results is that Japanese users would learn to pay
some attention when using suffix -teki. Kango, Gairaigo, Wago, and Konshugo could
be suffixed with -teki, but Kango is the only kind which has high percentage of
Understood answer. Hence, it would be good to use Kango words to be suffixed with
–teki, and avoid using Gairaigo, Wago and Konshugo to be suffixed with -teki.
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