Issue № 4 (44), 2019 ISSN 2542-0526
51
DOI 10.25987/VSTU.2019.44.4.004
UDC 691.168: 625.855
Nguyen Van Long 1, F. V. Matvienko 2, Nguyen Duc Sy 3
THE STUDY OF DEFORMATION STABILITY OF ASPHALT CONCRETE
MODIFIED WITH AN ADDITIVE TAFPACK-PREMIUM
Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport 1
Vietnam, Hochiminh
Voronezh State Technical University 2
Russia, Voronezh
University of Technology and Education –– The University of Danang 3
Vietnam, Danang
1 PhD in Engineering, Head of the Dept. of Highways, e-mail: [email protected] 2 PhD in Engineering, Associate Prof. at the Dept. of Construction and Operation of Highways,
e-mail: [email protected] 3 PhD in Engineering, Head of Dept. of Technology and Education, e-mail: e-mail: ducnguyensy@yahoo com
Statement of the problem. The problem of increasing the rutting resistance of asphalt pavements
is very urgent. One of the applied solution methods is the introduction of various modified addi-
tives in organic astringent.
Results. The paper presents a theoretical review of the results of studies the deformation stability
of asphalt concrete modified with different additives. The results of experimental study related to
the physical attributes and rutting resistance of the fine-grained asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 with a
different amount of additive Tafpack-Premium.
Conclusions. A significant positive effect was identified from the use an additive Tafpack-
Premium in number of 5 % in the bitumen mass to increase the rutting resistance of asphalt con-
crete. It is recommended to use improvement asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 modified by additive
Tafpack-Premium additive of 5 % in the bitumen mass to construct the upper layer of high-class
roadway pavements.
Keywords: asphalt concrete, additive Tafpack-Premium, deformation stability, rutting resistance, rutting.
Introduction. Improving rut resistance of roadway pavements is currently a hot topic [1, 2, 5––
13, 17––20]. According to some studies [8, 17], a lot of Vietnamese highways are experiencing
rutting as deep as 10 cm, which is above the admissible value. Rutting in roadway pavements
leads to lower comfort levels and traffic safety and presents a threat to national economy [8].
© Nguyen Van Long, Matvienko F. V., Nguyen Duc Sy, 2019
Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture
52
A number of studies [3, 6, 9, 12, 14––20] have indicated that rutting resistance of pavements
can be improved by various modifying additives. Roadway bitumen is modified by a variety
of additives and has been in use in the road industries of Russia, Vietnam, China, Japan, USA
and Europe [3, 6, 9, 12, 14––16, 18]. According to [12], adhesive additives are employed in
44 U. S. states with liquid additives accounting for 56 % and lime hydrate for 44 %. Accord-
ing to the study by the American National Lime Association, use of limestone additives in the
USA allows a 2––5 year increase in the life cycle of all types of highways [14].
The results of the research by the European Lime Association showed that introducing lime
hydrate additives into asphalt concrete increases its life cycle by an average of 20––25 %.
Liquid additives are also gaining momentum in European nations [140].
Depending on experience available, Asian countries are employing a variety of additives as
well as a range of positive outcomes: liquid additives and lime hydrate additives in India, liquid
additives in the Philippines, lime hydrates and Wetfix Be in Malaysia, lime hydrates and cement
in China, lime hydrates and liquid additives Tough Fix, Tough Fix Hyper in Japan [20].
A number of studies have been conducted in Vietnam to investigate the use of different addi-
tives for improving strength characteristics and rutting resistance of asphalt concrete [6, 13,
15, 16, 18, 19]. The results of [6] showed that use of adhesive additive Wetfix BE contributes
to better bitumen –– stone material cohesion as well as the Marshall stability and resistance to
rutting of asphalt concrete.
In [18] it was shown that introduction of the additive Zycotherm into bitumen would allow its
cohesion with stone materials as well as its softening temperature and the penetration PI index
to increase and penetration to drop. The use of the additive Zycotherm enhances technical per-
formance and deformation stability of asphalt concrete. The following studies [15] found that
the use of 0.1 to 0.2 % of additive Toughfix in the bitumen mass enhances the overall perfor-
mance, increases the softening temperature, causes no increase in penetration, raises the sof-
tening temperature and improves its cohesion with stone materials. The additive Toughfix en-
hances technical performance of asphalt concrete including the Marshall stability, plasticity,
residual stability, rutting resistance and tensile strength. [19] indicates that there are 6 adhe-
sive additives in Vietnam that are efficient for BTN C12.5 asphalt concrete. Their effects are
shown in order of high to low: 1 is lime hydrate, 2 is cement, 3 is Wetfix Be, 4 is Zycotherm,
5 is Tough Fix, 6 is Tough Fix Hyper.
One of the additives employed in some countries for improving rutting resistance of asphalt
concrete is Tafpack-Premium (TPP) which is a granulated white additive that is easily soluble
Issue № 4 (44), 2019 ISSN 2542-0526
53
in the asphalt concrete mix. In order to substantiate the use of TPP in the road construction in
Vietnam, the authors investigated the main physical and mechanical operating properties of
BTN C12.5 asphalt concrete modified by the additive.
1. Study of the effect of the TPP additive on the main properties of bitumen and asphalt
concrete. The following original materials were used for the study:
–– stone materials from the Tankang quary in Dong Nai province in compliance with the
TCVN 8819-2011 requirements;
–– bitumen Petrolimex 60/70 in compliance with the TCVN 7493-2005 requirements;
–– mineral powder Hatien in compliance with the TCVN 8819-2011 requirements;
–– 0 % (control composition), 3, 4 and 5 % of Petrolimex bitumen mass 60/70 of the additive
Tafpack-Premium by the Taiyu Vietnam CO.
The main characteristics of Petrolimex bitumen 60/70 modified with additive ТРР were in-
vestigated. The results of the experiment are provided in Table 1. The data in Table 1 indicate
that all the technical characteristics of Petrolimex bitumen 60/70 with a variety of additives
ТРР meet the 27/2014/TT-BGTVT and TCVN 7493-2005 requirements.
Table
Results of determining the main characteristics of Petrolimex bitumen 60/70 with additive ТРР
Characteristics ТРР percentage, % In 27/2014/TT-
BGTVT 0 3 4 5
Needle penetration depth at 25 оC –0.1 mm 63.0 53.5 49.5 46.0 60–70
Penetration index PI –0.83 –0.67 –0.54 –0.36 –1.5–1
Softening temperature in the ring and the ball, oC 48.6 54.5 57.0 60.0 ≥ 46
Dynamic viscosity at 60 oC, Paꞏс 256 278 290 315 ≥ 180
Stretchability at 25 °С, сm >100 >100 >100 >100 ≥ 100
Paraffin percentage, % 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.56 ≤ 2.2
Flashing temperature, oC 336 340 345 349 ≥ 232
Solubility in C2HCl3, % 99.63 99.69 99.65 99.62 ≥ 99
Specific weight at 25 oC, g/сm3 1.034 1.035 1.035 1.036 1.0–1.05
Mass loss, % 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 ≤ 0.8
Preserved penetrability, % 70.53 72.30 77.50 80.30 ≥ 54
Cohesion with stone materials, level 3 4 4 4 ≥ 3
Some indices of bitumen change dramatically: penetration at 25 °С drops by 15.08, 21.43 and
26.98 % respectively, softening temperature rises by 12.14, 17.28 and 23.46 %, cohesion with
stone materials increases by 1 level and penetration index increases by 19.28, 34.94 and
Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture
54
56.63 % respectively. The higher is the penetration index, the lower is the effect that the tem-
perature has on bitumen. Technical characteristics of Petrolimex bitumen 60/70 are at their
best performance with 5 % of additive TPP.
Compositions of dense asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 were selected in compliance with the
TCVN 8820-2011 and 858/QĐ-BGTVT requirements. The granulometric composition of
BTN C12.5 asphalt concrete is provided in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Granulometric composition of dense fine-grained asphalt concrete BTN C12.5
The authors prepared asphalt concrete cylindrical samples and a series of experiments was
performed using the Marshall method. The results of identifying volumetric characteristics of
asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 in Petrolimex bitumen 60/70 with various contents of additive
ТРР re given in Table 2.
The data in Table 2 show that the main volumetric characteristics of asphalt concrete BTN C12.5
with various contents of additive TPP do not change dramatically compared with the control
sample and are in compliance with the TCVN 8819-2011 and 858/QĐ-BGTVT requirements.
In Fig. 2––4 there are results of the tests of asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 with various contents
of additive ТРР based on the Marshall method. All of the experiments meet the ASTM
D6927––15 and AASHTO T 245––15 standards. The dispersion analysis ANOVA provides
statistical significance with the coefficient p << 0.05 and corrected coefficient R2 which is 83 %.
Size of mineral material grains, mm
Mas
s pe
rcen
tage
, %, f
iner
gra
ins,
mm
Issue № 4 (44), 2019 ISSN 2542-0526
55
Таble 2
Volumetric characteristics of asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 with various contents of ТРР
Characteristics
Content of ТРР, % Values in
TCVN 8819-2011 and
858/QĐ-BGTVT 0 3 4 5
Optimal content of bitumen, % 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0––6.0
Absorption of bitumen by a filler, % 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 ––
Average density, g/сm3 2.42 2.43 2.43 2.43 ––
Real density, g/сm3 2.54 2.53 2.53 2.53 ––
Air void, % 4.13 4.00 3.80 3.80 4––6
Void in the mineral filler, % 14.96 14.86 14.75 14.73 ≥ 13.5
Void filled with bitumen, % 72.40 73.26 74.13 74.52 65––75
Fig. 2. Stability of asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 with various contents of additive ТРР
The data in Fig. 2––4 shows that as the ТРР content increases in the range of 0––5 % in the
bitumen mass:
–– as the samples are loaded at the temperature of 60 °С after 40 minutes and 24 hours, the
Marshall stability of asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 increases and reaches the maximum value
when the additive TPP content is 5 %;
–– as 3, 4 and 5 % of additive ТРР in the mass bitumen is introduced into asphalt concrete
BTN C12.5, its Marshall stability increases by 7.61, 10.68 and 14.89 % respectively, residual
5430
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Содержание ТРР, %
Усто
йчив
ость
Мар
шалл
а, кН
8
13.5813.0812.7211.82
TPP content, %
Mar
shal
l sta
bili
ty, k
N
Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture
56
Marshall stability increases by 5.31, 8.25 and 10.73 % and the plasticity drops by 2.7, 8.11
and 10.81 % respectively compared to the control sample.
Fig. 3. Residual stability of asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 with various contents of additive ТРР
Fig. 4. Plasticity of asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 with various contents of additive ТРР
Therefore as the TPP additive content increases, technical characteristics of Petrolimex
bitumen 60/70 and asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 degrade significantly and the best perfor-
mance is observed as 5 % of additive TPP is added.
2. Experimental studies of the effect of the ТРР additive on the rutting resistance of as-
phalt concrete. An experimental study of the resistance of asphalt concrete to rutting was
conducted using the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD) by means of the method of А
5430
100
75
50
25
0
Содержание ТРР, %
Оста
точн
ая ус
тойч
ивос
ть М
арша
лла,
%
80
93.991.889.384.8
5430
4
3
2
1
0
Содержание ТРР, %
Плас
тичн
ость
, мм
2
4
3.33.43.63.7
TPP content, %
Res
idua
l Mar
shal
l sta
bili
ty, %
TPP content, %
Pla
stic
ity,
mm
Issue № 4 (44), 2019 ISSN 2542-0526
57
order 1617/QĐ-BGTVT. The tests were run using the sample plates sized 320 × 260 × 50 mm
at the temperature 50 оС. The sample plates were prepared according to the appendix С of the
decree приказа 1617/QĐ-BGTVT. The rut depth in the tested plates was fixed after 15.000
loading cycles. The results of the experimental studies to identify the rut depth of asphalt con-
crete samples are provided in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Plasticity of asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 with various contents of additive ТРР
The data in Fig. 5 shows that
–– the rut depth of asphalt concrete with various contents of additive ТРР is smaller than the
admissible value of 12.5 mm identified in 1617/QĐ-BGTVT;
–– the rut depth of asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 drops as the content of additive ТРР increases
and reaches its minimum as 5 % of TPP in the bitumen mass is introduced. This indicates that
introduction of additive ТРР allows the rutting resistance of asphalt concrete to be enhanced;
–– the rut depth of asphalt concrete BTN С12.5 with 3, 4 and 5 % of additive ТРР in the bi-
tumen mass for 15.000 loading cycles respectively is 4.68, 2.94 and 2.03 mm and drop by
36.67, 60.22 and 72.53 % compared to the control sample.
It was also found that during the test the mineral part of the filler was not bleached and the
bitumen film was not exfoliated when additive ТРР was used.
Based on the research, it is recommended that asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 modified by 5 %
of ТРР in the bitumen mass be utilized for the upper layer of high-class roadway pavements.
5430
1 4
1 2
1 0
8
6
4
2
0
Содержание ТРР, %
Глуб
ина к
олеи
, мм
1 2.5
2.032.94
4.68
7.39
TPP content, %
Rut
dep
th, m
m
Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture
58
Conclusions
1. Use of modified asphalt concrete is one of the major ways of addressing the rutting re-
sistance of roadway pavements particularly for multi-axial heavyweight vehicles and high
temperatures of Vietnam.
2. It was found that as the TPP additive content increases, technical characteristics of
Petrolimex bitumen 60/70 and asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 change dramatically and are at
their best performance when 5 % of additive TPP is introduced.
3. As 5 % of additive TPP is introduced into Petrolimex bitumen 60/70, its penetration at
25 °С drops by 26.98 %, softening temperature rises by 23.46 %, cohesion with stone materi-
als increases by 1 level and penetration index rises by 56.63 %.
4. As 5 % of additive TPP in the mass bitumen is introduced into asphalt concrete
BTN C12.5, its Marshall stability rises by 14.89 %, residual Marshall stability rises by
10.73 %, plasticity drops by 10.81 % and the rut depth drops by 72.53 % after а 15.000 loa-
ding cycles compared to the control sample.
5. Based on the resulting data, it was recommended that asphalt concrete BTN C12.5 modi-
fied with 5 % of ТРР in the bitumen mass is used for the upper layer of high-class roadway
pavements.
References
1. Vasil'ev A. P. Eshche raz o prichinakh koleinosti i metodakh ikh ustraneniya i neitralizatsii [Once again about the
causes of rut and methods of their elimination and neutralization]. Avtomobil'nye dorogi, 2011, no. 2, pp. 75––79.
2. Dedyukhin A. Yu. Armirovanie asfal'tobetonnykh smesei kak sposob bor'by s koleei [Reinforcement of as-
phalt concrete mixtures as a way to combat ruts]. Vestnik VolgGASU. Seriya: Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2009,
vol. 16 (35), pp. 88––92.
3. Kalgin Yu. I. Dorozhnye bitumomineral'nye materialy na osnove modifitsirovannykh bitumov [Road bitumen
mineral materials based on modified bitumen]. Voronezh, Izd-vo VoronezhGASU, 2006. 272 p.
4. Mordvin S. S. Sovershenstvovanie metoda opredeleniya prochnosti nezhestkikh dorozhnykh odezhd dinami-
cheskim nagruzheniem. Avtoref. diss. kand. tekhn. nauk [Improvement of the method for determining the strength
of non-rigid road surfaces by dynamic loading. Cand. eng. sci. diss.]. Moscow, MADI Publ., 2011. 22 p.
5. Nguen Van Long, Nguen Dyk Shi. Issledovanie vliyaniya struktury mineral'nogo sostava na ustoichivost' i
plastichnost' asfal'tobetona [Research of influence of structure of mineral composition on stability and plasti-
city of asphalt concrete]. Inzhenerno-stroitel'nyi vestnik Prikaspiya: nauchno-tekhnicheskii zhurnal, 2017,
no. 1 (19), pp. 25––30.
6. Podol'skii Vl. P., Nguen Van Long, Nguen Khak Khao, Nguen Dyk Shi. Issledovanie rabotosposobnosti
asfal'tobetona, modifitsirovannogo dobavkoi Wetfix BE [Investigation of performance of asphalt concrete modi-
fied with wetfix BE additive]. Nauchnyi vestnik Voronezh. gos. arkh.-stroit. un-ta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura,
2015, no. 3 (39), pp. 78––85.
Issue № 4 (44), 2019 ISSN 2542-0526
59
7. Podol'skii Vl. P., Nguen V. L., Nguen D. Sh. O neobkhodimosti vklyucheniya ispytanii asfal'tobetona pri tem-
perature 60°S v normativnye dokumenty [About need of inclusion of tests of asphalt concrete at temperature of
60°C in normative documents]. Nauka i tekhnika v dorozhnoi otrasli, 2013, no. 4, pp. 22––25.
8. Podol'skii Vl. P., Long N. V., Chernousov D. I. Prichiny koleeobrazovaniya na asfal'tobetonnykh pokrytiyakh
i metody povysheniya ikh deformativnoi ustoichivosti v usloviyakh Yuzhnogo V'etnama [Causes of rutting on
asphalt concrete surfaces and methods to improve their deformative stability in South Vietnam]. Nauchnyi
vestnik Voronezh. gos. arkh.-stroit. un-ta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2013, no. 1 (29), pp. 57––65.
9. Strokin A. S. Povyshenie sdvigoustoichivosti i sroka sluzhby dorozhnykh pokrytii putem primeneniya
asfal'tobetona karkasnoi struktury na modifitsirovannom bitume. Diss. kand. tekhn. nauk [Increase of shear re-
sistance and service life of road surfaces by application of asphalt concrete frame structure on modified bitumen.
Cand. eng. sci. diss.]. Voronezh, VGASA Publ., 2009. 178 p.
10. Chan N. Kh. Asfal'tobeton s povyshennymi ekspluatatsionnymi svoistvami dlya uslovii zharkogo i vlazhnogo
klimata V'etnama. Avtoref. diss. kand. tekhn. nauk [Asphalt concrete with improved performance for the hot and
humid climate of Vietnam. Cand. eng. sci. diss.]. Rostov-on-don, RGSU Publ., 2011. 24 p.
11. Chernov S. A., Golyubin K. D. Puti povysheniya ustoichivosti k plasticheskomu koleeobrazovaniyu
shchebenochno-mastichnykh asfal'tobetonov [Ways of increasing resistance to plastic rutting of crushed stone-
mastic asphalt concrete]. Dorogi i mosty, 2014, vol. 2, no. 32, pp. 264––272.
12. Aschenbrener T. B. Survey on moisture damage of hot mix asphalt pavements. Colorado Department of
Transportation. Denver, Colorado, 2002.
13. Lã V. C. Nghiên cứu thực nghiệm bê tông nhựa liên quan đến vệt hằn lún vệt bánh xe trên một số tuyến quốc
lộ. Kỷ yếu Hội thảo khoa học: Nguyên nhân và giải pháp khắc phục hằn lún vệt bánh xe trên mặt đường BTN.
TP. HCM, 2014. Trang 35–41.
14. Lesueur D., Petit J., Ritter H. J. Increasing the durability of asphalt mixtures by hydrated lime addition. What
evidence? The 5th Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress in Istanbul. Istanbul, June 2012. Paper 255. 10 p.
15. Nguyen Q. P., Vu N. P., Nakanishi Hiromitsu e. a. Experimental research on using Toughfix additive to in-
crease water stability of hot mix asphalt. The transport journal, 2017, no. 6/2017, pp. 36––40.
16. Nguyễn T. B. T. Nghiên cứu phụ gia tăng bám dính đá nhựa trên cơ sở Oligoamid để tăng chất lượng
mặt đường bê tông asphalt trong hệ thống đường bộ Hà Nội. Báo cáo tổng kết đề tài KHCN cấp Thành phố
Hà Nội –– Chương trình: 01C – 04. Hà Nội, 2005. 127 trang.
17. Phạm H. K. Thực trạng hằn lún vệt bánh xe trên một số tuyến quốc lộ - nguyên nhân và biện pháp khắc phục.
Kỷ yếu Hội thảo khoa học: Nguyên nhân và giải pháp khắc phục hằn lún vệt bánh xe trên mặt đường BTN. TP.
HCM, 2014. Trang 5––13.
18. Tran N. H., Ta T. H. N., Vu T. T., Trong K. D. A number of experimental results using nano-organosilane
(zycotherm) for asphalt concrete BTNC12.5 using acid-based aggregare in Vietnam. The transport journal, 2017,
no. 12/2017, pp. 102––107.
19. Vũ N. P., Nguyễn T. L., Nguyễn V. C. Nghiên cứu đánh giá hiệu quả của một số loại phụ gia kháng bong
tách đá nhựa cho bê tông nhựa sử dụng cốt liệu dính bám kém của khu vực Miền Trung. Tuyển tập báo cáo Hội
nghị khoa học công nghệ năm 2018, Viện Khoa học và Công nghệ GTVT. Hà Nội, 2018. Trang 160––169.
20. Vũ N. P. Nghiên cứu sử dụng phụ gia tăng khả năng dính bám đá-nhựa cải thiện chất lượng bê tông nhựa ở
Việt Nam. Luận án tiến sĩ kỹ thuật. Hà Nội, 2019. 140 trang.