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DOES GSM 1800 MHz AFFECT THE PUBLIC HEALTH IN SWEDEN?
Örjan Hallberg, M.Sc. E.E.Polkavägen 14B, 142 65 Trångsund Sweden
Olle Johansson, Assoc. ProfessorExperimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden
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The purpose of the study
To see if changes in health characteristics fit the roll-out of GSM 1800 in Sweden - Does it fit in time? - Does it fit geographically?
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How much do we talk by the mobile phone each year?
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Sp
eech
tim
e/ye
ar (
year
s)
NMT+GSM years Dual-band years
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What is the average output pulse power from the phones?
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
1 10 100 1000
Population density (pers/km2)
Av
era
ge
ou
tpu
t p
ow
er
(W)
Telia/Ericsson: Mean W Median W
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A GSM coverage model was tuned to the data from Telia/Ericsson
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
1 10 100 1000
Population density (pers/km2)
Av
era
ge
ou
tpu
t p
ow
er
(W)
Coverage model Telia/Ericsson: Mean W Median W
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Sick-days statistics from 1981 looks different...
R2 = 0,1073
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
1 10 100 1000
Population density (pers/km2)
Av
era
ge
ou
tpu
t p
ow
er
(W)
15
20
25
30
35
Sic
k-d
ay
s
Coverage model Telia/Ericsson: Mean W Median W sick-days 1981
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But the sick-days statistics from 2002 fits very well
R2 = 0,6574
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
1 10 100 1000
Population density (pers/km2)
Av
era
ge
ou
tpu
t p
ow
er
(W)
15
20
25
30
35
Sic
k-d
ay
s
Coverage model Telia/Ericsson: Mean W Median W sick-days 2002
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So, the sickness in Sweden seems to relate to the GSM coverage
R2 = 0,7894
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 20 40 60 80 100
GSM fully covered (% of area)
Sic
kd
ay
s 2
00
2
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And, funny enough, so it does also in Denmark and Norway
R2 = 0,4926
R2 = 0,4913
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fully covered area (%)Copyright Hallberg Independent Research, 2004
Hea
lth
co
st i
ncr
ease
(%
)
No Dk
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Some drugs sell like hell…e.g. Antidepressives
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Pain killers on the rise...
0
50
100
150
200
250
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Da
y-d
os
es
/ye
ar
(M)
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The mortality trend for the age group 10-39 years was broken in 1997
Mortality relative year 1950, age 10-39 years
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Rel
ativ
e m
ort
alit
y
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The number of sick-registered started to increase in 1997
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Sic
k r
eg
iste
red
(k
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1800
MH
z ea
r m
inu
tes
(10
9 )
On sick leave Long term sick 1800 GEM
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The trend-break is noticed all over Sweden...
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
Stockholm
Uppsala
Södermanland
Östergötland
Jönköping
Kronoberg
Kalmar
Gotland
Blekinge
Kristianstad
Malmöhus
Halland
Bohuslän
Älvsborg
Skaraborg
Värmland
Örebro
Västmanland
Kopparberg
Gävleborg
Västernorrland
Jämtland
Västerbotten
Norrbotten
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For each county a specific break point was identified.
Stockholm
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
jan
-96
ma
j-9
6
sep
-96
jan
-97
ma
j-9
7
sep
-97
jan
-98
ma
j-9
8
sep
-98
jan
-99
ma
j-9
9
sep
-99
jan
-00
ma
j-0
0
sep
-00
jan
-01
ma
j-0
1
sep
-01
jan
-02
ma
j-0
2
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Increasing sickness since 1997
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Mea
sure
rel
. 19
97
Sick-registered Sweden
Stockholm traffic Inj
Stockholm Bus inj
Long term sick registered
Sickness Swedish priv. Comp.
Sickness Telia AB
Sickness E/// White col
Sickness Scania AB
Load inj men
Load inj women
Suicide attempts age 15-24
Prostate cancer Sweden
Stockholm Prostate age 50-59
Sweden Prostate age 50-59
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Company health statistics got worse in 1997
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Wo
rkfo
rce
sic
kn
es
s r
el t
o 1
99
7
0
3
6
9
12
15
Gig
a E
ar-
he
ati
ng
Min
ute
s 1
80
0 M
Hz
Sw Enterpr. Telia AB Ericsson (white-collar) Scania AB GEM1800
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Traffic injuries in Stockholm are increasing
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Se
ve
rely
inju
red
in S
thlm
tra
ffic
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1800
MH
z g
iga
ear
min
ute
s (G
EM
)
Traffic inj Sthlm 1800 GEM
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Both handheld and hands-free phones increase the reaction time while driving
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Work-load related injuries are increasing
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And it takes longer time to recover from a work related sickness or accident in the high power counties!
R2 = 0,3694
R2 = 0,631
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average mobile phone output power (W)
Sic
knes
s (d
ays)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Inju
ry r
eco
very
(d
ays)
Sickness Injury
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It also takes longer time to recover from a surgery operation in sparsely populated regions
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average output power (W)
Rec
ove
ry d
ays
afte
r su
rger
y
Heart infarct Breast
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The mortality due to external causes is higher in the countryside
R2 = 0,5124p=0,00026
0
20
40
60
80
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average handset pulse power (W)
Mo
rtal
ity
(1/1
00,0
00)
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Nerve system mortality
R2 = 0,3906p=0,0024
05
10
15202530
354045
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average pulse power (W)
Mo
rtal
ity
2001
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The number of deaths per year in Alzheimer’s disease is accelerating!
Alzheimer deaths in Sweden
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Dea
ths
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And especially so in high power counties
Alzheimer mortality increase 1997-2001 vs mobile phone output power in Sweden
R2 = 0,3717p=0,0033
0
5
10
15
20
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average pulse power (W)
Mo
rtal
ity
incr
. (1
/100
,000
)
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This is not the case for a completely different neuralgic disease, ALS.
R2 = 0,0072
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average output pulse power (W)
Mo
rtal
ity
chan
ge
(1/1
00 0
00)
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And ALS shows no trendbreak
R2 = 0,0355
0
1
2
3
4
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Mo
rtal
ity
(1/1
00,0
00)
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Prostate cancer has been increasing in Stockholm since 1997
0
50
100
150
200
250
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Ne
w p
ros
tate
ca
nc
er
ca
se
s
Prost Sth 50-59
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But it has nothing to do with mobile phone output power!
Incidence change 1997-2002
R2 = 0,2088
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average output power (W)
Inci
den
ce c
han
ge
(1/1
00,0
00)
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So, if we look at leukemia, is there any trend-break? No - not at all!
Leukemia, annual new cases
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
New
cas
es
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
24000
Sp
eech
tim
e p
er y
ear
(yea
rs)
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Does the incidence increase by mobile output power? No!
R2 = 0,0635
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average output power (W)
Leu
kem
ia i
nci
den
ce (
1/10
0,00
0)
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So, to summarize
Which health characteristics do fit with GSM1800?
And which ones don’t?
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Can the mobile system possibly be accountable for all these problems?
Problem Trend break in 1997? Is it worse where highhandset power is used?
Logical explanation
Leukemia No No Not caused by RF-EMF
Population Sickness Yes Yes Impaired recovery
Traffic injuries Yes Yes - inside cars Delayed reaction timewhile driving
Surgery recoverytimes
Don't know Yes Impaired recovery
Work relatedaccidents
Yes Yes Impaired recovery
Externally causeddeaths
Increasing, most in2001
Yes Psychiatric, suicide,murders, accidents,reaction times etc
Prostate cancer Yes No This needs to be looked at.
Alzheimer deaths Yes, but also before Yes Damaged BBB will speedup the death of the patient
ALS deaths No No Not caused by RF-EMF
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Conclusions
The data shows that the health of the whole Swedish population is threatened
Sparsely populated counties are worse off
The responsible authorities must seriously consider possible health implications from the GSM 1800 MHz system
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Download graphs at:
http://hir.nu/1800
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Sick-days and cancer incidence in Sweden
R2 = 0,6574
R2 = 0,708p=0,000008
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Population density (10x/km2)Copyright Hallberg Independent Research 2004
Inci
den
ce (
1/10
0,00
0)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Sic
kday
s
Cancer Sickdays 2002
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The problem we see
Health care costs are boomingThe mortality improvement among
young people has come to an endSparsely populated areas are
unhealthyIllness recovery times are increasingAccidents happen more frequently...
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So, sick-days seem to relate to the output power from the mobile phone
R2 = 0,7903
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average output power (W)
Sic
k-d
ay
s
sick-days 2002
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Two questions regarding GSM
When did the mobile phone use really take off?
Where in the country do mobile phones radiate the highest average output power?
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Let’s now look at some health related facts
Drug salesMortalitySickness
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And so it does for all of Sweden
Prostate cancer incidence, Sweden 50-59 years of age
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Inci
den
ce, A
SI
(1/1
00,0
00)
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So, the sickness trend-break fits with GSM 1800 ramp up
What about the different counties in Sweden?
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Exact when? August 1997 (?)
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
350 000
19
92
12
19
93
12
19
94
12
19
95
12
19
96
12
19
97
12
19
98
12
19
99
12
20
00
12
20
011
2
20
02
12
Sic
k-r
eg
iste
red
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The average handset output power and sickness varies over the country
R2 = 0,9417
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average pulse power (W)
Sic
kn
es
s %
Telia/Ericsson measurement
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The sickness break-points and GSM 1800 roll-out
Sickness break-points: Oct-97 to Jan-98
GSM 1800 roll-out: Autumn -97 to Jan-98
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The number of injured drivers in Sweden is increasing
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What about work related injuries and sickness?
Is there a trend break?Is it worse in counties with low
population density?
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The sickness varies among the counties in Sweden
R2 = 0,8223
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Average pulsepower (W)
Sic
kn
es
s %