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DNA TechnologyI. Cloning
A. Gene cloningB. Whole organism cloning
II. DNA microarraysIII. DNA profilingIV. Human Genome projectV. GMOs
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I. CloningA. Gene cloning
Uses: gene therapy, gmo’s, gene analysis, human proteins
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Human proteins
Pharm animals
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Gene Therapy
SCIDs
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Gene Therapy
egg sperm
• Germ line gene therapy
• Adult cell gene therapy
zygote
• Genes transferred
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B. Whole Organism Cloning
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?
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Natural clones
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II. DNA microarrays
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III. DNA profiling
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III. DNA profilingA. Methodology
• 1/1.8 quadrillion
-
+
• restriction enzymes • non-coding segments
• SNPs
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PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
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Applications of DNA profiling• establishing paternity • CSI
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• establishing identity: the Romanov mystery
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The Romanov Mystery
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The Romanov Mystery
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• establishing ancestry• wine grape ancestry
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• Jefferson and Hemings
Why Y?
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• African ancestry"The greatest travesty for African-Americans is not the diseases we
suffer, not the sickle-cell and high blood pressure, nor is it the social injustices we have to face, it is that we are disconnected from our beginnings." Bruce Jackson, director of the biotechnology and DNA forensics programs at Massachusetts Bay Community College.
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• Human evolution
Evidence for Out of Africa:
• genetic diversity in Africa• Linguistic data
Two theories of modern human origins
1. Out of Africa 2. Multiregional
• Genetic data • Fossil data
Homo erectus
• human diversity• tracing back with DNA fingerprinting
Homo sapiens
Evidence for Multiregional:
• Fossil data
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The out of Africa theory
Adam and Eve: the out of Africa theory
• mitochondrial DNA• Y chromosome comparisons
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IV. The Human Genome Project
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IV. The Human Genome Project• goals
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• Of the 2 meters of DNA in the nucleus of a human cell, only 2.5 centimeters consists of genes (approximately 1-2% of our genome; previous estimates put this at 3-5%)
• We have roughly 20, 000 genes (about 1/5 of what was previously thought)
• We have only 300 genes that are significantly different from mice
• Much of the 99% of our non-coding DNA consists of a graveyard of old genes, duplicate genes, and random repeats
• There is little variation between ‘races’ of people. No genes were found that could predict which ‘race’ a person belonged to.
• Genes cluster together in oases separated by long stretches of desert
• Immune system genes appear to have been modified from viruses and other human pathogens
• Many genes code for multiple proteins (some up to 1000)
• Mutation rate in sperm twice that in eggs (sperm are main source of mutations)
Major findings of HGP
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Genome Comparisons
Importance of mouse genome
98.7%homology
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V. GMOs (genetically modified organisms)
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GMO applications
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Nitrogen
Legumes Rhizobium
nitrogenase
N2
• Pollution
Nitrogen fixation
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Brave New World?
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The end
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