Download - Dna and rna
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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ScientistsJames Watson and
Francis Crick discovered the double helix shape of
DNA in 1953
After visiting Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind
Franklin at Kings University
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DNA’s 3 Components
1. Sugar- Deoxyribose
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen Base (4)
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4 Nitrogen Bases
1. Adenine- A
2. Thymine- T
3. Cytosine- C
4. Guanine- G
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Sizes in Order
Smallest Largest
GenesDNAChromatin
SisterChromatidsChromosome
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6 DNA Structure Rules
1. Sides are composed of alternating Deoxyribose Sugars and Phosphates
2. Nitrogen bases attach to the sides at the sugars only
3. Adenine only bonds with thymine
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4. Cytosine only bonds with guanine
5. Every 10-12 base pairs the ladder/helix twists
6. Hydrogen bonds the base pairs together
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Two Main Functions of DNA
1. Code for Genetics/Heredity
2. Provides blueprint for making proteins
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Shape of DNA
• DNA is made of nucleotides
• Nucleotides - 1 sugar, 1 phosphate, and 1 letter.
• Nucleotides can be in any order
• The “backbone” is the sugar/phosphate groups
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DNA Double Helix
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Mutations
Any changes that are made to the genetic material (DNA)
Mutagens – any substance that causes a mutation
Examples: Ultraviolet Light, X-rays, Medicines, etc.
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Types of Mutations
• Point Mutation– Substitution
• Framshift Mutation– Addition/Duplication – Deletion
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DNA Replication
What phase does this happen in?
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Enzymes
• Helicase – unzips the original ladder
• Polymerase-brings the free floating nucleotides to the original strands
• Ligase – rezips the ladder of the replicated strands– DRAWING
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Replicate the Following
• DNA
A T T C G A T T A A G C T A
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RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
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RNA’s 3 Components
1. Sugar- Ribose
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen Base (4)
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RNA’s 4 Nitrogen Bases
1. Adenine- A
2. Uracil – U ***New***
3. Cytosine- C
4. Guanine- G
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3 Main Differences
1. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
2. RNA is single-stranded.
3. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
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3 Types of RNA:
1. Messenger: takes message from DNA to ribosome
2. Transfer: transfers amino acids to ribosome
3. Ribosomal: makes protein
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The Genetic Code = Making Proteins
1. DNA to RNA is called Transcription
DNA: A T C G A T C G G T A C
RNA:
2. RNA to Amino Acid (Protein) is called Translation
U A G C U A G C C A U G
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3. A codon is a group of 3 RNA Nitrogen Bases
4. There are 64 different codons
5. Codons represent the different amino acids
6. Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins
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7. There are 20 different amino acids
8. From START (AUG) to a STOP (UGA, UAA, UAG) codon is a protein
9. Genes are located on chromosomes & contain instructions for making proteins
10.Protein is found in blood, muscle, and body organs
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The Genetic Code
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Sample Set ***Have to Start with AUG***
DNA: T G T A C G A A C G C T A C T
RNA:
AA:
A C A U G C U U G C G A U G A
Methionine Leucine Alanine Methionine
HO₂CCHCH₂CH₂SCH₃ HO₂CCHCH₂CH(CH₃)₂ CH₃CHCOOH
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Protein Synthesis
H
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Protein Synthesis Key
A. Nucleus
B. mRNA
C. Ribosome
D. tRNA
E. Codon
F. Start Codon (AUG)
G. mRNA
H. Amino Acid