Huang Zhen, Qiao Xinqi, Zhang Wugao
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
China DME Association (CDA)
P.R. China
DME Vehicle in China
Contents
Energy issues in China
Progresses of DME China
--- DME engine research
--- DME vehicle standards
--- DME bus demonstration in Shanghai
Conclusions
Vehicle Production of China
In 2010, China vehicle production was 18 million, ranked No.1 in
the world.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP/Cap. PPP (USD)
Ve
hic
les P
er
1000 P
ers
on
China(55)
Poland(345)
Brazil(119)
S. Korea(286)
UK(526)
Italy(667)
France(588) Germany(588) Japan(588)
US(816)
Dream and Reality
It is estimated that by 2020, vehicle population will be 225 million, and by
2030, vehicle population will be 450 million, consequently oil consumption
will be 225 million ton and 450 million ton respectively in 2020 and 2030.
China has become a net oil importer from 1993. Over 55% of total oil
consumption was imported from foreign countries in 2010.
China’s Oil Production and Consumption
Contents
Energy issues in China
Progresses of DME China
--- DME engine research
--- DME vehicle standard
--- DME bus demonstration in Shanghai
Conclusions
DME Utilization - LPG Alternative
DME news in China National Standard “DME for City Gas” was implemented July 1st, 2011
DME
DME Utilization – Vehicle use
DME news in China National Standard “DME fuel for vehicle” was implemented Nov. 1st, 2011
DME Engine Technology
High oxygen content
Low boiling temperature
High vapor pressure
High centane number
Low viscosity
High resolvability
Development of
NOx reduction technology
Engine reliability
Development of dedicated
fuel supply and
injection system
Rubber deterioration
Poor lubricity
NOx reduction
Smoke-free combustion
Diesel alternative
DME Pathway to more stringent regulation
USA - 2010 NOx, g/kW hr
PM
, g
/kW
hr
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
USA 2007
USA - 1998 USA - 2004 (2002)
Euro IV - 2006
Euro V - 2009
Euro III - 2000
(5.0; 0.10)
(5.36; 0.13)
(3.5; 0.02)
(2.7; 0.13)
(2.0; 0.02)
(0.02; 0.01) (1.2; 0.01) 国4(2010)
国3(2007) 1st-G DMEV
2nd-G DMEV
3th-G DMEV
National Clean Vehicle Action Program:
1st-G DME Engine and Vehicle Demonstration
First City Bus Fuelled with DME in China in 2005
二甲醚发动机
EGR冷
却器
压气机
氧化后处理
装置(DOC)废气 涡轮机
空气中冷器
EGR控
制器
废气
National 863 Hightech Project:
2nd-G DME Engine and Vehicle Demonstration
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Speed(r/min)
Ttq(N.m)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Pe(kW)
DME
Diesel
National 863 Hightech Project:
2nd-G DME Engine and Vehicle Demonstration
NOx reduction
Premixed combustion
Low boiling temperature
High vapor pressure Easy evaporation
Increase plunger diameter
LPG blending
Cooled EGR
Retard Injection time
Shorten injection duration
Increase ignition delay
ium Decrease max temperature
DME Premixed Combustion
National 863 Hightech Project:
3rd-G DME Engine and Vehicle Demonstration
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
40
80
120
160
200
12mm
13mm
RO
HR
(J/ C
A)
Crank Angle(CA)
6 CA BTDC
3 CA BTDC
n=1400r/min
BMEP=0.30MPa
Injection timing
Pure DME+30%EGR
Pure DME+w/o EGR
Plunger diameter
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
40
80
120
160
200
70% DME+30%LPG
+15%EGR
12mm
13mm
RO
HR
(J/ C
A)
Crank Angle(CA)
6 CA BTDC
3 CA BTDC
n=1400r/min
BMEP=0.60MPa
Injection timing
Pure DME+w/o EGR
Plunger diameter
DME Premixed Combustion
Heat Release of DME
Effect of DME premixed combustion on fuel
consumption and emissions (800r/min)
200
220
240
260
280
20%EGR
0.60
BS
FC
(g/k
W.h
)
Pe(MPa)
12mm+12CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
12mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+optimal EGR
0.30
n=800r/min
30%EGR
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0.60
Pe(MPa)
NO
x(1
0-6)
12mm+12CA BTDC
+0% LPG+0% EGR
12mm+3CA BTDC
+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC
+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC
+30% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC
+30% LPG+optimalEGR
0.30
n=800r/min
30%EGR
20%EGR
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.60
Pe(MPa)
HC
(10
-6)
12mm+12CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
12mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+optimal EGR
0.30
n=800r/min
30%EGR
20%EGR
0
200
400
600
800
0.60
Pe(MPa)
CO
(10
-6)
12mm+12CA BTDC+0% lPG+0% EGR
12mm+3CA BTDC+0% lPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+0% lPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% lPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC +30% lPG+optimal EGR
0.30
n=800r/min
30%EGR
20%EGR
(n=1400r/min,BMEP=0.60MPa)
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
BS
FC
(g/k
W.h
)
12mm+6CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
12mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+15% EGR
n=1400r/min
Pe=0.60MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 12mm+6CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
12mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+15% EGR
Pe=0.60MPa
NO
x(1
0-6)
n=1400r/min
0
100
200
300
400
500
12mm+6CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
12mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+15% EGR
Pe=0.60MPa
HC
(10
-6)
n=1400r/min
0
200
400
600
800
1000 12mm+6CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
12mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+0% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+0% EGR
13mm+3CA BTDC+30% LPG+15% EGR
Pe=0.60MPa
CO
(10
-6)
n=1400r/min
Effect of DME premixed combustion on fuel
consumption and emissions
Contents
Energy issues in China
Progresses of DME China
--- DME engine research
--- DME vehicle standard
--- DME bus demonstration in Shanghai
Conclusions
Promotion of standard system of DME vehicle
Vehicle (4 items):
The standard of DME city-bus
Liquid DME cylinder of DME city-bus
The technical requirement of DME
city-bus dedicated parts
The setting requirement of DME city-
bus dedicated parts
Engine (3 items):
Technical requirement of DME
engine
Technical requirement of the key
part of DME engine
Calculation method of DME engine
emission
Refilling (2 items):
The filling inlet of DME city-bus
The requirement of structure, design
and detection of DME filling station
Seal materials (2 items):
Standard of EPDM for DME vehicle
Standard of plastic for DME vehicle
Fuel (1 item):
The DME fuel standard for vehicle
Fuel tank (2 items):
The valve of DME tank
The system of DME tank
Contents
Energy issues in China
Progresses of DME China
--- DME engine research
--- DME vehicle standard
--- DME bus demonstration in Shanghai
Conclusions
Shanghai DME Bus Project
Shanghai Bus Company
(No.147 City Bus)
Nation 863 Program
Shanghai Economic Committee
Shanghai JiaoTong University
(Key Technology R & D)
Shanghai Diesel Company (Engine Maker)
Shanghai Auto Industry (Bus Maker)
ENN Company (Fuel
and refueling Station
Supplier )
Vehicle DME
Tank Supplier
Lubricant Supplier
Seal Material
Supplier
DME Supply
Pump Maker
DME Valve and
Control Unit
Suppller
Local DME fuel, engine, vehicle, tank, refueling station and
parts standards
11 companies + SJTU
In this work, dedicated fuel supply, injection and combustion system,
DME-tolerant seal material, fuel additive for lubricity improvement
were developed.
Dedicated engine passed 1000 hours reliability test, DME bus passed
45000 km road test, including 3000 km road test in summer
Finally 10 city buses were successfully developed
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
-0.25
添加剂种类
DME+2%蓖 麻 油
DME+500
PPM
月桂酸
DME+500
PPM
添加剂B
DME+500
PPM
添加剂A
DME+500
PPM
添加剂C
纯DME
特 征
间 隙
磨
损
量
平
均
值
Shanghai DME Bus Demonstration
First DME refueling station was
developed by ENN in Shanghai by
ENN
DME Tank: 10 cubic meter
8500 Liter (DME)
Shanghai DME Bus Demonstration
NDRC granted first licence to SAIC for DME bus manufacture and selling in 2008.
A fleet of DME buses has be put into public use for demonstration in Jan. 2010.
Shanghai DME Bus Demonstration
Contents
Energy issues in China
Progresses of DME China
--- DME engine research
--- DME vehicle standard
--- DME bus demonstration in Shanghai
Conclusions
Barriers to Implementation
General/Marketplace
- Lack of infrastructure.
- “Chicken and the Egg” dilemma
Technological
- Technical challenges for CO2 reduction in DME
production
Way Ahead
More industry involvement in R&D and demos
- LPG alternative
- DME buses. Trucks and trains
- DME power generation
- DME Heat Pump
- Government in role of early adopters
Need for more DME users to stimulate market
Government policies and incentives
Universal set of standards.
International cooperation.
Properties of DME and Diesel Fuel
Property (unit/condition) DME Diesel fuel
Chemical formula CH3-O-CH3 —
Mole weight (g) 46.07 170
Boiling point (°C) -24.9 180~360
Liquid density (g/cm3) 0.668 0.84
Liquid viscosity (cP) 0.15 4.4-5.4
Low heat value (MJ/kg) 28.43 42.5
Ignition temperature (°C) 235 250
Cetane number 55-60 40-55
Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio (kg/kg) 9.0 14.6
%wt of carbon 52.2 86
%wt of hydrogen 13.0 14
% wt of oxygen 34.8 0
Modulus of elasticity (N/m2) 6.37×108 1.486×109